^yw 


THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 

OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


GIFT  OF 

William  Popper 


AN  ELEMENTARY  TEXT-BOOK  OF 

HEBREW  ACCIDENCE 

ARRANGED  IN  TYPICAL  EXAMPLES 

WITH  CONCISE  EXPLANATIONS  REFERRING  ESPECIAL- 
LY TO  THE  MODIFICATION  OF  SOUNDS 


BY 
MAX  L.  MARGOLIS,   A.  M.,  Ph.  B., 

INSTRUCTOR  IN  BIBLICAL  EXEGESIS,  HEBREW  UNION  COLLEGE. 


CINCmNATI 

HEBREW  UNION  COLLEGE 

NEW  YORK  LONDON 

GUSTAV  E.  STECHERT        1893.        GUSTAV  E.  STECHERT 

810   BROADWAY.  30  WKLLinGTON  ST.,  W.   C. 


Copyright,   i8c)J,  by 
Max  Margolis. 


A.  Ginsberg, Printer,  15S  East  Broadway,  New  York. 


TO 

THE  VENERABLE  PRESIDENT 

OF  THE 

HEBREW  UNION  COLLEGE, 

THE  REV.  Dr.  ISAAC  M.  WISE, 
THIS  BOOK  IS  MOST  RESPECTFULLY  INSCRIBED. 


PREFACE. 

Tlie  present  book  is,  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  what  it  pre- 
tends to  be,  AN  ELEMENTARY  TEXT-BOOK,  and  its  primary  object 
is  to  meet  the  wants  of  the  class-room.  Its  method,  by  which 
it  will  be  readily  distinguished  from  others  dealing  with  the 
same  subject,  is  consistently  paradigmatic.  It  proposes  to  teach 
the  sometimes  very  intricate  details  of  Hebrew  accidence,  by  a 
set  of  examples  carefully  selected  and  properly  classified,  each 
representative  of  a  whole  category  of  phenomena  and  so  pre- 
sented that,  very  often  by  virtue  of  its  mere  position  in  the  con- 
text, it  must  associate  itself  in  the  mind  of  the  properly  trained 
observer  with  its  underlying  linguistic  principle.  The  pedagog- 
ical value  of  this  method  may  fitly  be  said  to  be  of  no  small 
significance.  The  student,  of  whatever  age  he  be,  is  always  prone 
to  mechanically  memorise  grammatical  rules  in  their  very 
wording  and  apply  them  thoughtlessly,  if  at  all  put  in  a 
position  to  apply  them.  Thoughtlessness  is  rendered  impossible 
by  the  present  method.  No  rule  can  be  applied,  unless  it  be 
reproduced  by  the  aid  of  the  example— its  index,  and,  no  matter 
how  often  the  student  may  have  to  deal  with  the  same  rule,  he 
will  in  each  case  have  to  retrace  the  whole  process  of  observation 
by  which  he  was  first  led  to  understand  the  example,  to  discover 
the  rule. 

Since,  however,  observation  is  far  from  being  blind  guess- 
work, and  one  and  the  same  example  may  often  lend  itself  to  the 
illustration  of  more  than  one  principle,  it  was  thought  advisable, 
wherever  a  principle  occurred  for  the  first  time,  to  fix  the 
attention  of  the  student  upon  the  right  point  of  view  by  indic- 
ating the  principle  involved.  These  explanations  are  only  inti-o- 
duced  when  absolutely  necessary  and  are  concisely  expressed.  In 
all  cases,  moreover,  the  explanation  is  preceded  by  the  example  '. 
the  latter  remains  the  object  of  observation,  the  text  on  which  the 
former  is  the  commentary  and,  at  best,  a  restatement  of  ichat 
is  virtually  expressed  by  the  example,    A    system  of  references 


VI  PREFACE. 

was  also  introduced  which  is  intended  to  keep  together  scatter- 
ed examples  of  one  and  the  same  law.  This  was  especially  nec- 
essary in  view  of  the  phonetic  laws  which,  by  the  very  arrange- 
ment of  the  book,  could  be  systematised  only  at  the  end,  while 
at  the  same  time  it  ivas  thought  desirable  to  keep  the  laws  of 
sound  constantly  in  the  foregi'ound  and  to  have  the  phonological 
part  of  ihe  book  appear  less  in  the  form  of  an  independent  treatise 
than  of  an  appendix  containing  a  summary  of  such  phonetic 
observations  as  have  been  met  with  in  the  morphology.  The 
references,  as  a  rule,  are  so  arranged  that  each  new  example  of 
an  identical  principle  is  referred  to  the  next  preceding  it,  so  that, 
at  any  given  point  in  the  book,  a  reference  virtually  contains 
all  passages  of  a  similar  character  previously  to  be  found.  Both 
these  helps,  the  explanatory  remarks  and  the  references,  I  trust, 
will  be  welcomed  equally  by  pupil  and  teacher.  Let  it,  however, 
be  said  that  references  are  more  sjjaringly  given  towards  the 
end,  when  it  is  thought,  the  reader  will  be  sulficiently  acquaint- 
ed with  the  entire  method  to  be  able  to  supply  them  of  his 
own  accord.  A  table  of  references  to  the  standard  grammars 
may  be  found  at  the  end  of  the   book. 

The  linguistic  matter  is  arranged  as  follows: 

PART  i.    THE  WORD  AS  A  COMBINATION  OF  SOUNDS  (LETTERS). 

PART  ii.  THE  FORMATION  AND  INFLECTION  OF  WORDS.     Part  ii 

is  divided  into  three  chapters: 

Chapter  1.  Prefixes.  The  student  is  thus  enabled,  at  an  early 
stage  of  his  study,  to  recognise  in  a  given  word  such  elements  as 
are  not  essential  to  it. 

Chapter  2.  Tlie  Pronoun,  as  that  part  of  Hebrew  speech  which 
may  be  said  to  contain  words  originating  in  demonstrative  roots. 

Chapters.  Noiin  and  Verb,  i.  e.  words  originating  in  de- 
scriptive roots.  Within  this  chapter  it  was  my  endeavor  to  make 
the  treatment  of  verb  and  noun  as  much  as  possible  consistent 
with  a  view  to  each  other.  I  adopted  in  the  verb  as  a  principle 
of  classification  the  variation  caused  by  roots,  not  by  in- 
fl,ectional  forms,  and,  as  a  consequence,  the  same  principle 
was  followed  with  the  noun.  Within  each  class  of  roots,  the 
noun  precedes    the    verb.     The    peculiar  feattires  of  each  class 


PREFACE.  Vll 

and  the  phonetic  laws  as  their  cause  are  thus  most  lucidly  set 
forth,  while  the  inflectional  forms  receive  their  due  attention 
•where  they  are  first  met  with  (in  the  strong  triliterals).  The 
common  properties  of  the  Hebrew  noun  and  verb  are,  by  virtue 
of  this  arrangement,  most  prominently  brought  out,  and,  in  the 
hands  of  any  one  who  desires  it,  may  become  the  means  of 
arranging  word-studies  (and  exercises  for  translation)  in  such  a 
manner  that  a  given  root  is  gone  through  all  its  derivatives. 
Lesson  XXVIII.  shows  the  relation  of  particles  to  nouns.  In 
the  following  pages,  particles  are  introduced  under  the  heading 
of  those  nominal  formations  to  which  they  belong.  At  the  end 
of  this  chapter  the  interdependence  of  nominal  and  verbal  form- 
ation is  once  more  set  forth  in  the  form  of  a  recapitulation. 
The  whole  book  closes  with 

PART  iii.  THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  THE  MODIFICATION  OF  SOUNDS. 
A  SUMMARY. 

In  the  PAOS,  1893,  viii.  Prof,  haupt  rightly  com- 
plains of  the  little  attention  which,  in  our  universities  and  sem- 
inaries, is  paid  to  the  reading  of  unpointed  Hebrew.  This  book 
is  to  my  knowledge  the  first  that  makes  it  its  very  aim 
to  train  students  in  that  very  important  branch  of  the  study  of 
Hebrew.  Unpointed  words  are  introduced  to  a  very  extensive 
degree  wherever  the  student's  mastery  of  the  foregoing  lessons 
may  be  tested  by  the  aid  of  them.  The  reading  of  unpointed 
texts  (such  as  we  shall  soon  have  in  Prof,  flaupt's  beautiful 
Bible  edition)  is  thus  for  the'^first  time  systematically  treated  and 
made  the  essential  part  of  a  Hebrew  Grammar. 

While  thus  the  book  is  primarily  written  with  a  view  to  its 
being  practical,  it  may  at  the  same  time  safely  lay  claim  to  a 
scientific  character.  The  results  of  modern  comparative  philology 
are  embodied  throughout  the  book.  Every  form  is,  as  far  as  pos- 
sible, reduced  to  its  original  shape,  and  the  modifications  are 
phonetically  fxpJaired.  Even  the  te{.irnf r  must  be  made  to 
understand  that  there  is  law  and  order  in  what  appears  to  the 
uninitiated  as  a  chaos  of  facts,  a  lawless  v^ass  which  may  be 
committed  to  memory  and  occasionally  marveled  at,  but  never 
understood.     The  study  of  Hebrew,  under  the  hand  of  the  great 


Viil  PREFACE. 

modern  uia^teis  of  Hebrew  philology,  ceases  to  be  drudge-work, 
but  becomes  a  pleasure,  and  it  is  my  experience  at  least  that  a 
thing  luidcrstood  is  a  thing  re^a^■/^,cd,  and  that,  with  this  principle 
as  a  guide,  much  of  the  waste  of  time  and  energy  usually  in- 
curred may  be  reasonably  spared. Many  of  the  views  and  explan- 
ations given  in  this  book,  as  a  matter  of  course,  have  been 
adopted  fro;u  others,  and  it  is  but  fitting  that  I  should  acknowl- 
edge to  have  Zear?ie(^  much  from  EARTH  {'Die  JS'oniinaWildung 
in  den  semitisclien  Sprachen'),  boettcher  {^Ausfalirliches  Lehr- 
huclider  liebr.  SpracUe),  driver  {'A  Treatise  on  the  Use  of  the 
Tenses  in  Hebrew',  ed.  3,  which  contains  many  points  on  mor- 
phology expressed  with  the  usual  soundness  of  judgment  peculiar 
to  this  author),  gesenius-kautzsch  ('iit'lfr.  Grammatik\  ed.  25; 
an  English  version,  I  understand,  is  forthcoming  from  the  Clar- 
endon Press),  koenig  {'Ilistorish-kriiisches  Lehrgehaude  der 
Jiebr.  Sprache  J.'  ;  while  this  is  being  written,  the  second  part 
has  not  appeared,  though,  unless  I  be  misinformed,  this  long- 
expected  book  is  sure  to  come  out  this  year),  lagarde  ('Vbersickt 
ilber  die  im  Aramdischen,  Arabischen  ii.  Hebr.  ilbliche  Bildung 
der  Nomina'  and  the  ^Register  xi.  Nachtrcige''  thereto),  noeldeke 
(e.  g.  ZDMG,  37,  525\  phillippi  {'Wesen  und  Ursprung  des  st. 
cstr.  im  Hebr.''),  spitta-bey  (^Grammatik  des  arabischen  Vidgdr- 
dialectes  vo7i  Aegy2)ten'),STA'DE{^Le}brbuch  der  hebr.Grammatik'' 
and  others. Thei'e  are,  however,some  i)oints  for  which  I  hold  myself 
solely  responsible. I  hope  that  the  particular  prominence  given  the 
matter  of  early  and  later  Hebrew  accentuation  will  please  schol- 
ars Avho,  with  Lagarde(l.  1.,  153,  4-8), believe  that  this  subject  de- 
serves attention.  My  theory  is  very  simple.  The  Hebrew  lan- 
guage has  gone  through  a  double  process  of  accentuation.  Remn- 
ants of  the  older  system  are  the  so-called  Vorton  and  the  s^co?id- 
ary  tone  [cf.  the  highly  instructive  statement  of  Spitta  [1.1.,  59 
bottom]  'dass  d'U'Hauptunterschied  zwischen  dem  altarabischen 
und  dem  modernagyptischen  Accente  darinbesteht,  dass  man  heu- 
te  in  Aegypten  den  Hauptton  avf  die  Silben  legt,  die  friiher  den 
Nebenton  hatten,  und  umgekehrt  oft  den  friXheren  Haujiiton  zum 
Nebenton  macJW).  All  recession  of  the  accent  is  in  truth  but  a  re- 
turn to  its  natural  position.   In  ligature,  it  is  the  first  word  that 


PREFACE.  ix 

bears  the  principal  or  primary  tone,  and  not  the  second  which, 
as  a  rule,  is  the  much  shorter  one. —  In  collecting  the  examples, 
I  was  greatly  aided  by  the  grammars  of  Stade  (for  the  noun), 
Bottcher  and  Konig  (for  the  verb).  In  a  considerable  number  of 
cases  I  was  obliged  to  refer  to  the  Concordance,  and  in  net  a  few 
I  could  avail  myself  of  my  own  Bibelfestigkeit,  however  insig- 
nificant it  may  be.  All  examples,  so  far  as  they  are  given  in  the 
main  text  (not  in  the  paradigms)  and  are  not  bracketed,  are 
found  in  the  Bible. 

This  book  which  deals  only  with  accidence,  is  but  the  frame- 
work of  what  goes  on  in  the  class-room  and  presupposes  all 
along  supplementary  exercises  in  translating  from  Hebrew  into 
English  and  vice  versa,  and  the  study  of  the  elements  of  syntax. 
While  the  study  of  grammar  is  desirable  as  a  study  of  the 
classified  phenomena  of  a  language,  the  language  itself  in  its 
totality  must  not  for  a  moment  be  allowed  to  remain  in  the 
background.  Translation  from  English  into  Hebrew  should 
most  especially  be  practised,  for  it  is  a  well-known  fact  that  it  is 
much  more  difficult  to  write  a  language  than  to  understand  it. 
Such  exercises  are  best  carried  out  in  the  class-room,  on  the  black- 
board, under  the  supervision  of  the  teacher  and  the  watchful  eye 
of  the  whole  class,  or  on  paper  in  the  form  of  tests.  I  hope  some 
time  in  the  future  to  publish  a  book  containing  such  exercises;  for 
the  present  the  teacher  may  avail  himself  best  of  Kautzsch's 
'UbungsbucJi'ied.  2,  Leipzig,  published  by  F.  C.  W.  Vogel),  A 
small  book  containing  exercises  in  reading  I  may  be  in  a  position 
to  issue  within  a  short  time,  which  may  then  be  applied  for  at 
the  same  places  where  this  book  is  to  be  obtained. 

The  present  method,  in  a  less  perfect  shape,  was  tried  last 
year  in  the  begirmers'  class  of  the  Preparatory  Department  in  this 
institution,  and  found  to  be  successful.  It  is  this  circumstance, 
coupled  with  the  fact  that  the  first  to  encourage  me  in  my 
work,  while  it  yet  was  in  the  shape  of  an  unseemly  manuscript, 
was  the  venerable  President  of  the  Hebrew  Union  College,  the 
REV.  DR.  ISAAC  M.  WISE,  that  prompted  my  recognition  so  inad- 
equately expressed  at  the  head  of  this  book. 


X  PREFACE. 

I  am  also  greatly  indebted  to  two  most  prominent  scholars, 

Professors  MORRIS  J  ASTRO  W  JR.,  of  the  university  of  PENN- 
SYLVANIA,  and  GEORGE  F.  MOORE,   of  the  ANDOVER  THEOLOGICAL 

SEMINARY,  who::e  advice  I  sought  and  promptly  obtained,  for 
their  kind  encouragement  and  for  some  very  valuable  suggestions 
which  have  served  in  no  small  degree  to  enhance  the  value  of 
tie  method,  Prof.  Jastrow  also  kindly  read  the  greater  part  of 
the  proof-sheets. 

In  conclusion  I  wish  to  say  that  I  consider  myself  under  great 
obligation  to  my  brother-in-law,  Mr.  Abraham  Ginsberg,  at 
who^e  printing  establishment  this  book  was  printed  and  to  whose 
efforts  mainly  its  neat  appearance  and  the  comparative  absence 
in  it  of  gross  typographical  ciTors  are  due. 

May  this  book,  the  product  of  more  than  a  year's  hard  labor, 
in  spite  of  its  imperfections,  be  given  a  fair  tiial  and  contribute 
its  share  toward  a  better  understanding  and  a  truer  knowledge  of 
the  Bible. 

M.  M. 
HEBREW  UNION  COLLEGE, 

CINCINNATI,  O.,  September,  1893. 


TABLE  OF  COXTENTS. 

PART  i.  THE  WORD  AS  A  COMBINATION  OF  SOUNDS   (lBTTERS). 

I-  ege 

I.  Consonants '6 

II.  Vowels 4 

III.  The  Syllable  and  tlie  Tone 5 

IV.  Modification  of  Sounds .6 

V.  Accents  and  Aspirated  Sounds " 

PART  ii.  THE  FORMATION  AND  INFLECTION  OF   WORDS. 

Chapter  I.  Prefixes. 

VI.  The  Article  [.  MeTeo] 11 

VII.  The  Inseparable  Prepositions  ba,  K a,  la         .        .        .12 

VIII.  The  Inseparable  Conjunction  wa         .        .        .        .     " 

IX.  The  Preposition  -p 13 

Chapter  II.  The  Pronoun. 

X.  The   Personal  Pronoun " 

XI.  Declension  of  Nouns 14 

XII.  The  Genitive  of  the   Personal  Pronoun  (Suffixes)      .     15 

XIII.  Remnant  of  a  Case   Ending.     The   Dative    of  tlie 

Personal  Pronoun.  The  Prepositions  ba  and  ka 
with  Suffixes 17 

XIV.  The  Accusative  of  the  Pers.    Pron.     p   with  Suf- 

fixes.  The  Dual IS 

XV.  The  Demonstrative   Pronoun " 

XVI.  The  Relative  Pronoun 19 

XVII.  The  Interrogative  Pronoun  and  Particle  ha      .        .  " 

Chapter  III.   Noun  and  Verb. 
XVm.   Roots  and  Stems 20 

A.      STRONG    TRILITERALS  (NON-GUTTUEAL). 

A.      THE  SIMPLE   STEM 

1.       NOUNS. 

XIX,      Preliminary   Observations 21 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS 


a.     Masculine  Nouns. 

XX.  First  Olass.    One  (Short)  Vowelin  the  Syllable 

of  the  Stem 23 

XXI.  Second  Class.  Short  Vowels  in  Both  Syllables 

of  the  Stem 23 

XXII.  Third  Class.    Sliort  Vowel  in  the    First,   Long 

Vowel  in  the  Second  Syllable  of  the  Stem     25 

XXIII.  Fourth  Class.  Long  Vowel  in   the  First,  Short 

Vowel   in  the  Second  Syllable.  Formations 
of  Equal  Inflection " 

XXIV.  Fifth    Class.      Immuatble    Vowels    in    Both 

Syllables 20 

XXV.  b.    Feminine   Nouns  " 

XXVI.  c.   Nouns  with  Preformative  x  or  >     .        .        .29 

XXVII.  d.   Nouns  with  Afformative  an    .        .        .        .      " 

XXVIII.  e.   Particles 30 

2.      VERBS. 

XXIX.  Preliminary  Observations *' 

a.    Middle  a  Verbs. 

XXX.  The  Perfect 31 

XXXI.  The  Imperfect 33 

XXXII.  The  Imperfect— Continued 34 

XXXIII.  b.   Verbs  Middle  i  and  u 35 

XXXIV.  B.   THE  INTENSIVE  STEM.     Nouns  and  Verbd      .     37 

XXXV.  C.    THE  CAUSATIVE  STEM.    Verbs  .        .        .39 

D.     THE  REFLEXIVE   STEMS.     Verbs 

XXXVI.  The  T  Reflexive 41 

XXXVII.  The  N  Reflexive 43 

E.      THE    VERB    WITH   SUFFIXES. 

XXX Vin.    Middle  a  Verbs.    Perfect 44 

XXXIX.       The  Imperfect  with  Suffixes         .        .        .        .47 
XL.  The  Imperative  and  Infinitive  with  Suffixes    .     48 

XLI.  Verbs    Middle    i  and  the    Other    Stems    with 

Suffixes 49 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


XLII. 

XLIII. 

XLIV, 

XLV. 

XLVI. 

XLVII. 

XLVin. 

XLIX. 
L 

LI. 

LII. 
LIIL 

LIV. 

LV. 

LVI. 

LVII. 


LVIIL 

LIX. 

LX. 

LXI. 

LXII. 

LXIII. 


b.  strong  triliterals  with  gutturals. 

1.  Nouns. 

Nouns  First  Guttural 60 

Nouns  Middle  Guttural 53 

Nouns  Third  Guttural 55 

2.    Verbs. 

Verbs  First  Guttural 57 

Verbs  Middle  Guttural 60 

Verbs  Third  Guttural 63 

C.      INCOMPLETELY   DEVELOPED   TRILITERALS. 

1,     Nouns 66 

2.  Vprbs. 

Verbs  Non-guttural    .  70 

Guttural  Verbs 74 

D.      LIQUID   ROOTS. 

1.   Nouns 76 

2.     Verbs. 

Verbs  Non-guttural 77 

Guttural  Verbs 79 

E.      WEAK  ROOTS. 

1.     Nouns 81 

2.    Verbs. 

Verbs  First  N 83 

Verbs  Third  X 85 

Verbs  Third  ^< — Continued 89 

F.      SEMIVOCALIC  ROOTS. 

a.    Roots  First '!("'). 

1.  Nouns 90 

2.  Verbs. 90 

Verbs  First  1(')— Continued 95 

b.  Roots  First  i(-)  and  Middle  V-  Nouns  and  Verbs  96 

c.  Roots  First  \  Nouns  and  Verbs.       .        .        .97 

d.     Roots  Middle  1. 
1.    Nouns " 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


LXIV. 

LXV. 

LXVI. 

LXVII. 

LXVIII. 

LXIX. 

LXX. 

LXXI. 

LXXII. 

LXXIII. 

LXXIV. 

LXXV. 

LXXVI. 

PART  iii. 


LXXXII. 
LXXXIII. 

LXXIX. 

LXXX. 

LXXXI. 

LXXXII. 
LXXXIII. 

LXXXIV. 
LXXXV. 

LXXXVI. 


2.     Verbs 100 

Verbs  Middle  1— Continued 104 

e.  Roots  Middle lO)  and  Middle  \Nouns  and  Verbs.  " 

f.  Roots  Third  ^0)  and  Tliird  ' 

1.  Nouns 107 

2.  Verbs 113 

Verbs  Third  10)  and  Third  ■«— Continued       .        .117 
Denominative  Nouns      ......  121 

Nouns  with  Mixed  Forms 123 

Isolated  Nouns " 

The  Numerals 125 

Polyliterals.  Nouns  and  Verbs      ....  128 

Isolated  Particles 129 

Noun  and  Verb.  A  Recapitulation        .        .        .  130 

THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  THE  MODIFICATION  OF  SOUNDS. 
A    SUMMARY. 

A.     Consonants. 

The  Aspirated  Pronunciation  of  the  nD31J3         137 
The  Simple  and  Extended  Pronunciation  of  " 

Consonants «' 

Assimilation  of  Consonants 1^6 

Disappearance  (Absorption)  of  Consonants         .  189 
Semivowels 140 

B,    Voircls. 
Origin  of  Long  Vowels  .        .  .        .  141 

Modification  of  Long  Vowels  and  Change  of     .    " 

Quantity 

Compensative  Production  of  Short  Vowels        ,  143 
Production,    Reduction  and  Moditlcation  of 

Short  Vowels 143 

Disappearance  of  (Shoi  tj  Vovv'els  ....  148 


NOTES  AND  CORRECTIONS. 

The  references  in  the  book  indicate  page,  line  and 
word  (respectively  explanatory  note).  Thus  13,  73=page 
13,  line  7,  word  (phrase)  or  explanatory  note  3.  The  fol- 
lowing false  references  are  corrected  here.  18,  8  f.  read: 
14^  4  f.  —26,  6  read  :  24,  11.  —  31,  19—23.  3  f.—  48, 
6  put  the  small  figure  within  the  parenthesis.  — 56,  5 
read:  55,  ll^— 62,  10—44,  l^— 69,  11— 58.— 78,  21—76, 
9\ — 88,  19:  18'. — The  signt  indicates  an  excej>fwnal  form. 

13,  19*  add  :  a,  not  e,  with  gutturals.  —  20, 
18  read  :  roots.  —  22,  19^  put  the  holem  point  in  the 
right  place  [cf.  5,  5]  (displacements  of  vowel  -  signs  or 
diacritical  points  may  be  found  elsewhere,  but  not 
too  frequently,  I  hope). — 28,  14.  15f.  indicate  the  form- 
ation: maqtul;  taqtal,  taqtil  ;  taqtul  (equally  113,  4  in- 
sert: qatlan). — 64,  5^  read:    'nPlbji^- — 65,  between  lines 

:  -<-  T 

3  and4in3ert:  'Jinal  vowel  of  the  stem  preserved. — On  p.  74 
the  marginal  figures  should  be  placed  one  line  above  their 
present  places. —  76,  13  after  the  second  ;  add  :  'amin'tu 
('imin'tu)  =  'amit'tu  ('imit'tu)=  Vmex'  ^l^^^>  iMpNl-— 83, 

4  indicate  in  the  English  transcription  the  doubling  of  the 
middle  radical. — 95  put  above  1.  1  the  heading  :  the  n  Ke- 
flex.— 104,  6  put  .  in  the  place  of  the  first;. — 114,18  add 
the  missing  note:  '109,  19'. 

The  manuscript  of  the  latter  part  of  the  book,  beginning 
with  p.  130,  was  prepared  on  dictation  by  my  pupil  edmund  lan- 
dau, whose  keen  interest  iu  the  work  made  me  forget  the  strain 
to  which  I  put  myself  in  summing  up  hundreds  of  scattered  ref- 
erences under  the  head  of  a  few  laws  of  grammatical  structure 
or  phonetic  modification,  and  to  whom  I  am  greatly  indebted 
for  his  kind  services. 

The  t^^rm  principal  forms  (32,  6)  was  coined  by  the  class 
referred  to  at  the  end  of  the  Preface   (p.    ix)  and  headed   by 

EMIL  LEIPZIGF.R. 


PABTL 

THE  WORD  AS  A  COMEDTATIOy  OF  SOOTDS 
(LETTEES). 


•5 


I.     CONSONANTS  (C). 

1.  FORM.  'K  "2  'J  n  '.1 1  7  'n  °D  '"*  "D  ^'S  "D 

cf.  Ps  119). 

Note  ''•]  "D  '7  ''f)  'y  (/«^/ letters). 

2.  NAMES.  'fl7N  'a'lep  'H^^  b^T  '7OJ  gi'mel 
'nSl  Ja'leT  -^KH  he  '11  waw '[»?  za'yin  'n^H  hex  'n^D 
t6T  'HV  yoD  I'^D  kap  ''"I^S  la'meD  "Q^^  m6m  '^U 
nun'^'lDD  sa'meK  '"[^^  'a'jiu  "{^S  OS)  pe  ''H^  saD^ 
"flip  qoP  '°t^'n  r6S  '■fti'  a.  [iJ^'  sin  a.  sin  "in  taw. 

3.  CLASSIFICATION  A.  TRANSCRIPTION. 

a.  Gutturals:  K  '  ,  H  h  ,  P  ',  PI  h. 

b.  Mutes:     Sonant  ]  Surd 

Explosive  I  Fricative  |  Explosive  |  Fricative 


»Palatals    il 

g 

^Dentals     r] 

d 

"Labials    3 


:i 

3  n 

G 

k     q 

ir 

n  to 

D  Z 

t  t 

n 

£) 

B 

p 

:3 

K 

n;Dtrtr'!^ 

T    S     §    S    S 

D 
p 


4  II.    VOWELS. 

Note  nDpl^liJ  b^GaDk<?paT  (tJ^'JJI   daces    [/.    e. 
sharpener]  /^«^);n£)3l]l5  (HiD"!  rap6  [/.  ^.  weak]). 

c.  Semivowels:  ^y  (palatal)  a.   1  w   (labial). 

d.  Liquids.    7  1,    1  r   (linguals),    J  n   (dental 
nasal)  a.   ^  m    (labial  n.). 

II.     VOWELS  (Y). 

1.      SCALE.  a 


Note  V   {indifferent)^    V   {short),    v    {produced)^ 
V    (  long). 

2.  VOWEL    (SILENT)    LETTERS,    i^'^t^^    Dip.    Vy^, 

n  7JI-   Dp  (full  a.  defective  spelling).   Note  H  (p*5D 
mapplq  [/.  e.  sounder]);  H  (2). 

3.  VOWEL    SICNS. 

o 

'5  a  —  nrifi  pa'Tah  ^^  a,  a,  a— J»pp  qam'es 

=^  e,  d=a — 7lJlp  s^col  *>^e=a — s^col   magnum 

°3  e  [6]— ny  ser6  '^^  6— ser6  w. 

'3  i  Li]— nn^n  lii'req  ">'2  i— M'req  m. 


15 


so 


III.  THE  SYLLABLE  AND  THE  TONE.     6 

•|  0— f]10ll  Yt2p  q.  hatup  "ij  5  [6]— dSh  ho'lem. 

13  6 — ho'lem  m. 

NOTES.      1.    5,    |,    i    a    3,    5;    ^;J;    ^,    p. - 

5  2.  13.-3'. b,'S-N*3,  1^^3^  DiVb,  nj^'i;  liVb.— 3\ 

<T  T 

1!l;  np;   pj;— 3'.  Ntrll  £^'13;  tr>^"i.  N^b',  HTO. 


V  -  < 


III.  THE  SYLLABLE  AND  THE  TONE. 
A.  THE  SYLLABLE. 

a 

lo     1.  da-ba-ri-ya  (c\=oj>eH   s.). 

2.  d<fBa-ri      ilTH     {ce=/ia//—s.;     e  =  reduced 
\QyfQ\]—=vocal  XltJ^   s^wa). 

a 

3.  da-Bar    13*1;     k^iaB-tem    DJH^ri^    (cvc= 
closed  Q.]—=  silent  s.). 

15       NOTES.  1.  ^yi, ;  nN3n,  K9n--2'.  riNi-  tr'Ni, 
n3NS^,  NV,  V\t'ir\,  tTNn,  nih;  (ID,  nn,  .1^, 

UNI,   nb  ;  I7,  17  ;  *p,  ♦p    {homogeneous  vowels).— 
2'.  IV,  11,   VD1D,    iSji^',    V£);  »n,    »J3,    ^lil,    ^lS.3 

-        T  T  '-T  •  -  TT  T 

(  heterogeneous   v.   ).  —  2k    D^"K.\,    fl^Dj    *i^)^_^' 

20  n^D!N- 


6  IV.  MODIFICATION  OF  SOUNDS. 

B.   PRINCIPAL   TONE.    SECONDARY   TONE. 

1.   DrO   {ultima);  ^ripHD   (kaTaB'ti,   penult). 

T  :  IT         T  :|-  :|-  t  r  i  •  .|:T 

k^ma';   secondary  tone;  — = Jin?:D  me'TeG  [/.  <?.bridle]). 

IV.    MODIFICATION  OF  SOUNDS.  5 

A.    DA6^ES  FORTE. 

^yi  di-b-er=dib-ber    {sharpened    syll.    ;    exten- 
sion (doubling)    of  consonants).    Note    iiri^n   (4:,  15). 

B.  DA6^ES  LENE. 
1-    Vn*,   HDP  {aspirated  QO\mi{))  XX^^'' {harden-    \o 

ed  sound.). 

c.    MEDIAL   S^WA. 


1.  ^:3r3;  121  >  ")^D\X   {firmly  closed  syll.). 

• :  T        V  •  *  • 

2.  D^nD  {loosely   C.  S. ;    — '^fnedial  s.). 
D.   SIMPLE  A.  COMPOUND   S^WA. 


1.  m;  D5n|'  *5^^  (j/w//^s.). 

2.  '>^^\  ifDN^.  ♦S;;^. (^^w/^««^ s.  ;—  ,— ,— 

=  [s.]  flton  hateP  [/.  ^.    shortening]   paTah,    s^Gol, 

qames=«,   ^,    o=- reduced  a,    <?,  or  <?). 

Y.  ACCENTS  A.  ASPIRATED  SOUNDS. 

A.    ACCENTS.  2° 

Ex   i.   1;   Josh  i.   2. 
1.  Disjunctive  accents.  Note  pl'^D  silltlq  [stop]  -f 


V.  ACCENTS  A.  ASPIRATED  SOUNDS.  7 

p1D5  f]lD  SOP  pasuq    [verse   end]    (:— )  a.    ^J;^^t 
'axnah    [pause]  (— ). 
2.    Cojijunctive  a. 

3.  ni^"i^5-n5,  fnp-[nN*;   pj^rcSN,  "^v_ 
5  -inii,  )nKn-"7j;;  p-iM-nNs  ^^DKn^rS^  hn* 

{proclitic]  ■  =^T)f2  inaqqeP  [/.  e.  connecting  line]), 
B.    DA6^ES  LENE— CONTINUED. 

2^  a.    y:^^  n^rSo,  ^Sbs  pD*>r',  nnv3 
Note  rTin^=*jhK  a^nni  np  q^r^  uk^tib 

T     :      T    -:  •  :        ••! : 

[/.  e.  read  a.    written];  perpetual  q.). 

b.  HNi^i  \nn,  nf^;!;D  ^7n  but  ih^n^j^ 


PART  II. 

THE  FORMATION  AND  INFLECTION 
OF  WORDS. 


CHAPTER  I.  PREFIXES. 

VI.   THE   ARTICLE  [ME TEG], 
A.    THE  ARTICLE. 
!•    ^  7?!D  ;  hal-me'leK=liammeleK  {assimilation  of 
^°      consonants)^^''y^^T\   (tl.    f.   for   assimilation). 
B.    [LIGHT]  METEG^. 

TT|T  ^-T  I  '••         '^-     r  lv|V 

D*;^:3"iNn,  oiJin-N'SD,  ?n;o-p?^;  nuhnnno; 

nlJllD^nn^l;  ^S-^n   {prdi,iary  1.    m.).   Note  In^rjl- 
15  2.    (To   III  B    2   add:)    ^StILT'    (S^t);    Dp;^^ 

(6,1V);    n^")!JN*V,  ^nbpm   {indispensable   1.   m.). 
T  :  |T-:r      •      '|-:r 

C.    THE   ARTICLE— CONTINUED.   (GRAVE 
MErEa) 

NOTES.    1.   D^^^nnsyn  (3,19).— 2.  D'-iSn- 

20   n'^D-on ,  Di^on  (4,4); n^in^n ,  n"i;?,tDn ,  nv^/tDn 

(3,16).— 3.  DnS\i  but  Dn1^^1,  D*£3p\i  (4,3). 

•  t:  -  ■       :~  .  .. :  - 

2.   crnnn,  Ninn  {jost  doubling);  opn,  DiiVn, 

V  <    -  -  T   T  T  T|T 

I^JJ^^n  {compensative production  Qi  '^Qxl  vowels)  (3,16). 

T  T|T 


12         VII.   THE   INSEPARABLE  PREPOSITIONS. 

NOTES.  1.   Dun,  nr^nn,  n^nn  and  nnn. 

••   T  T<"T  T<"T  .      T   T 

—  2.   Dnn.i;    ppn;   jinn,    prnn,   nnn, 

<-T|V  '<TT|V  <TV  '<TT|V  •  T:|V 

nl^inn    (a  flattened  to  6,'  dissimilation  of  vowels). 
tt:  IV 

YII.     THE  INSEPARABLE  PREPOSITIONS 

BA,    KA,    LA.  5 

1-      (1/^-}   a.  (1/*J3  ('^-    f-    foi'  vo7uel  preservation)- 

2.  nrS   (a  produced    to    a),    iirD ,   HtS :  HdS 

<VT  V  T  V  T  T  <T 

(d.  f.    for   eup/iony)\  H^S,   HVjS  but  D»ni;j   m^j"?. 
-T         -<vT  •   t:        -<••: 

3.  ^ifH-l;   "ibkSO,   ^^nS     (^'^e£'^/    assimilation). 

•  -:r  v:!-.-        •  t:|t 

nin^D,  nin^D,  nin^S  =  ^y-iN:^  (  =  ^jif^  +  :j,   i 

T    r  T    r         T      r       T      r  t   -:       - 

consonantal     absorption  ;  contraction    of  vowels)   etc. 

4.   !{<;::::  (a  /A?//r/;.^./  to  i).  nnin^S  (iy^^=i). 

L        ^       '■ 

5.  r]"l53,   (ILTOD,   in07,    (a   m///m/  to   e). 

'vAt:  V      :  T  T  : 

6.  f]1D3      (=f]1Dn+:p,      ^llV  =  V,     jry/;^^/^),     15 

•    :   :-  :  |-  v     -  t  tit        t  v 

VIIL  THE  INSEPARABLE  CONJUNCTION  WA. 

1.       Sb^l,  -iDnn,   n^Nn   (6;    11, 21'. 22'). 


VIII.    WA,   IX-p.    X.   THE    PERS.   PRON.        13 


2. 


3.  Dnm,  1)^:;),  >Sm-  nmn.  D\nSNi. 

AT-:|-  v:|v       •  t:|t       t     r  •        p- 

4.  SbSl;  D-^:i1,  n^^^'  ^1^"I51  (?>,20).  \TV 

:  T-  'v  V        T  :  -|T  •     • 

T  T  : 

5         6.   Dpm. 

T  T  : 
IX.  THE  PREPOSITION-fO- 

1.  inNH-fo  (pKiin),  ");^^D  (11,9).  ^i:/-]  n'>t2 

'    V  T  T      '•        '     VTTr*  -<—  T     T     ••     • 

(12,18'^;3). 

2.  S^no,  pxn^,  D^!2,  :r\s*Q,  c^kNiD- 

lo     Note  Dinp  a.   pnp  (ll,22f.). 

CHAPTER  II.  THE  PRONOUN. 

X.   THE   PERSONAL   PRONOUN. 


SINGULAR. 

PLURAL. 

1 

c. 

ijmN 

15     2 

m. 

T  ~ 

DriN* 

» 

f. 

m' 

friN,  ripaT 

3 

m. 
f. 

on,  iiQ.T 

T<*' 

'a'iiaki'y(a)   (a  roumfedto  6;V);  2'ani'y(a);    ^'an'ta 


14  XL  DECLENSION  OF   NOUNS. 

(13,  7=;  12,  7);  ''an'tum  {Vi  flattened  to  e);  "an'ti(u); 
•'antun'na  ('antin'na,  u  flattened  to  i  ;  =  atte'na,  i 
produced  to  e);  'hu'w(a)  =hu''(a)  (12,11');  'hum  (him); 
hi'y(a)=hi''(a);  '"huu'na  (hiii'na;  daces  forte  for 
contraction^.  c 

PAUSAL  FORMS. 

•  I  T         'AT       -AT  tat       :at  :at-: 

XI.  DECLENSION"  OF  NOUNS. 

IN   THE    ABSOLUTE    STATE. 
SINGULAR.  PLURAL.  lo 

MASCULINE. 

N.  su'su(m,n)  ^^x^  DiDH  D^pID  D^pIDH 

G.  sii'si(m,n)  DID  DID.I    suslm  D^DID  D^DIDH 

D-  didS  didS         d^didS  d^didS 

A.  sti'sa(m,n)  DID  DIDnTIN        D^pID  D'OIDH-nN*    15 

FEMININE. 

N.  su'satu   nDIDriDIDn  su'satnlDIDnlDIDrr 
G.  HDID  (IDIDn  niDID  nlDIDH 

D.  hd^idS  (IdidS       niDioS  niDioS 

A.  nDiDHDiDn-nN  niDio  niDiD.TnN*  20 

T  T         -  V 

IN  THE  CONSTRUCT  STATE. 

Dni!jjin  or  -ii3:in   did,  did,  didS,  did-hn- 


XII.   THE  GENITIVE  OF  THE  PERS.  PRONOUN.    15 

su'sai  ^DID 

Dni^^n  or -ii:3^,'i  >did,  ^did,  ^didS,  ^didtin. 

su'satu  JlDID 

Dniinjn  or  ni:Djn  npiD,    npiD.    npioS, 

5  nplDTIN- 

sil'satu  nlDID 

DniD^n   or    -ii3jn  niDiD.  nioiD,  nlDioS, 

XII.      THE    GENITIVE    OF    THE     PERSONAL 
lo  PRONOUN   (SUFFIXES). 

"ii^^n  DID 

si\si-y(a)    (13,19')    '>0)D,  '>D)0,  ''D^oh,  ^DIDTIN- 
s(i'sa-ka'(12,14):iD1D  etc.    stisa'ka  (12,3)  r|D1D- 
susa-ki,    susaik,    siiseK  (12,11^)  *1D*1D  etc. 
^5   susa-hu,    susau    (12,15),     siiso   1D1D    etc. 
s^sa-h(a)  HDID   etc. 

T 

Dni:3jin  did 

stsi-nn  (14, 2f.)  ^^DID  etc. 
st'sa-kum  (13')  D-DID  etc. 


lO 


16  XII.  THE  GENITIVE  OF  THE  PERS.    PRONOUN. 

s<l'sa-kun    f^P^^  ^^^' 

sAsa-(h)uin  (15, 15)  susain  DDID  etc. 

T 

sfisa-(h)un  pID  etc. 

't 

s<isai-y(a)     ^DID     etc.    st\sai-nu  ^J^D^D  etc. 

AT 

stisai-ka  (e  to  6)  TT^DID    slisai-kum  DD^DID  etc. 

I    ...  V     ••     I 

etc. 
sAsai-k(i)    T|*D*lD      etc.    s^sai-kun    p^DID  etc. 

'•-\T 

s<isai-(h)u,  si\saw  VD1D    sllsai-hum  DIl'DID  etc. 

etc. 

s\isai-h(a)    (  1  )   iI'DID    sAsai-hun  ?n*D^D  etc. 
T  <v  '  V  ••  I 

etc. 

niin^n  npiD  oni^jin  npiD        '^ 

s^sati-y(a)    ^IDID  etc.       slisati-nu  I^HDID  etc. 

•  T      I  <  -T      I 

sdsa'ta-ka'   !nriD1D    etc.    su'sata-kum  D^HDIDetc. 

'avt    I 

sAsata-ki    TjilDID  etc.        sll'sata-kun  [^HDID  etc. 
siisata-(li)u  lilDID  etc.        siLsata-(h)um  DilDID  etc.    ^o 

T     I  T  T     I 

siisata-li(a)  HnDID  etc.     susata-(li)im  THD^D  etc. 

T  T      I  't   T      I 


XIII.   CASE  ENDING.    LA,    BA,  A.    KA    W.    SUFF.  17 

ni:3jn  nioiD  Dn;:n;in  niDiD 

slisatai-y(a)  *riiD1D    etc.    susatai-nu  U^llDID  etc. 
-       I  <••      I 

stisatai-ka   Tr'niDID  etc.    siisatai-kum      DD^IlDID 

5  etc. 

sUsatai-ki   *1^11D1D  etc.    susatai-kun  p^llDID  etc. 

slisatai-(h)iiVniD1D  etc.    susatai-lium       DH^illDID 
stisatai-ha  H^llDID  etc.    siisatai-hun  rn^llDID  etc. 
lo        Note  Dnnll-  In  Tl^DID.  n^"TiD1D    ai     resolved 
into   aiy. 

XIII.    A.  REMNANT   OF  A   CASE  ENDING. 

n5;?in=M'sa(n)j  nV^Pin^haliu'sa  (accus.   of  direc- 

T     <         •        •  T     <  -         • 


15 


tioti). 

B.  THE  DATIYE  OF  THE  PERS.  PRON. 

n»;^S-  h.  ^  TiS,  riS,  iS,  nS;  ijS,  ddS 

•  V  T      V  T     '  V  T 

C.  THE  PREPOSITIONS  BA  AND  KA 
W.  SUFFIXES. 

p:3,  Dn;ia.  d3.  ra. 

'vT  V  T  T         '  ••  T 


18        XIV.  ACC.    OF    PERS.   PRON.     -p.   DUAL. 

Lr\V3.   »J1^D  (=kamaniya;13,19),  ^nl^^,-   1,11^3, 

•   T  •      <  T  '     <  T  <  T 

T      <  T  <  T  V  T  ••  T  T<"  T 

XIV.     A.    THE    ACCUSATIVE    OF   THE   PERS. 
PRONOUN. 

"i!ji(TniS*.  ''D'a,  inN*  nriN*,  nriN*,  iriN*,  nn?^;    5 

T  T  -  V  •  '    :     I  '  AT  '    T  T 

1JnN\  DDHN*,  fDHN,  DHN,  [HN*- 

B.  -[n  W.   SUFFIXES. 
TtnrTrD-  ''^!^!2    (=miiimc'nniya,    reduplication  ;  13, 
19'),T]!D^  n^O.  1^^^  (=minme'nhu),  T^^^t^'O  ;  i:i!D^ 

'  :   •     T  AV  <v  •  T  </  •  <v  • 

(=niinme'nmi),   D3D,  p^::,  D.IO  (13,9=)   a.  nDH^D,    lo 

C.    THE     DUAL. 

raglaim  DjSjl  (IT,  10)  D^SjIH,  cstr.  raglai  »SjT[ 

••  -:        -:-    at:-       I  <v:  -       !•<-:-         I-^t:  -        t:- 

.Th^jn;   ir^:n,   uy^Ts   [,p^b:n],  d.t'?:ii    ir 

T<v  :-  <••:-  V   ••:-  '•.•   •• :  -  ...   ••  :  -       *-> 

[>  (H^SjnJ-  — 'ammataim  D^I^DiV- 
•••••:-  •  -T  - 

XV.  THE  DEMONSTRATIVE  PRONOUN. 

S.   m.  zai(=zaya)  ,1?  f-  za'at    JlkV^  (12,11;1).  P.c. 
illai  (15,18;  14,4f.)   Xil^. 

NOTES.    1.   Gen.   ,1?  "l^PTD,  H'^N  *-?')?— 2-  Dat.    20 

nrS,  n^rS,  •i'^nS  a.  n'^xS— 3.  acc.  nr-nN  a. 


XV.    —XVII.  UEM.,  REL.  A.    INTERR.    PRONS.     19 

r\nB  (12,18').— 5.  Kinn,  N*nn,  onn  a.  nann, 

T<--T 

XVI.   THE   RELATIVE   PRONOUN". 
5  S.  a.  P.  c.  1^^. 

XVII.    A.  THE   INTERROGATIVE  PRONOUN. 

10     (cr.  12, 18^ -11,20). 

2'.  >nN*:on-n^ ;  Nin-n^  (dh-hd,  n^Dn-iD, 

T  -         r  -  ••  T  T<-  T 

and     n*irf-nD),  ni:i};n-nt2  •>  n^r'HD;  -nt2 

T<"         T  T     -:iT  T  •   T  IT  |T 

^-innN      ;  mXTHD      (also  on  nOetc.)(ll,22f.); 

•  :<-T  :    •    T     IT  ••        T 

AT 

15        2',  ^nNDPTHf:,   n\'i-n^,   n''i:^^-nt2  (aiso 

•      <T  T         IV  TT  IV  T    <       T         |V 

\-|NDn  HD  etc.)    (15,13);  H/tDn  but    H/tD!!,    HDS 

•  <T  T  V  V  -  AT-  T  - 
-  ••                 T  - 

2\    Gen.    DhS  HDTIDrin-  Dat.    nl<1^    HoS, 

ijn^Srn  nr:?,  ^jnrir;^  nn? ;  ^7i3j  naS-  acc. 

<:    -vtiv        TT        -at:--:        tt  :it      t  <t 

t 


20        XVII.  INTERR.  HA.  XVllI.  ROOTS  A.  STEMS. 
B.   THE   INTEllROGATIVE    PARTICLE    HA. 

toron  (i9,9f.). 

2.  r£Dnn,   ii)nn,  nnrn,  nnxn  (i9,iiff.),   5 
nin\i  (12,10). 

T    :r 

3.  nrnn,  nnNin  ;  ddn.i  (i9,i5f.) 

I  TT|v  t:|T  V  ••  T|V 

4.     D-IDH   (  13,19^). 
Note    DKH,  nSh;  r|N*n,  D^H,  ^DH- 


CHAPTER  III.    NOUN   A.  VERB. 

XVIII.     ROOTS   A.    STEMS. 


10 


1.  'a,  ya,  ka,  na,  ta,   etc.  {Llemonstratlve  roots); 
n;iJ,   "ir.    ^1t   {descriptive  roots). 

2.  m^,    I^Ji:.    C]:iJ     (rscconaao-]    roots):    J  J 
{J>,imary  root);  IJlN   nijl  =  "IJl :   Sv,    SS?  ^   Sr.  15 

3.  ^tOp   {completely  developed    triliteral);   '2'2D 
{incompletely    developed   trilit.);    DD")ID    (polyliteral). 

4.  Sop,   D:3D  (^//w;-root);    S-DJ,  pSo,   HpS 
{liquid    roots);    flDK^    u*N"l)     KVO     (w^^X-    roots); 

nts^'v  Dp,  nSji  (=*^^:i)  o-m/zw^^/zv  roots).         ^q 


XIX.  NOMINAL  FORMATION  A.  INFLECTION.     21 

5.  ^Dp  {non-guttural xooiy,  ^'0'^,  DHLT',  nStT 
{guttural  roots). 

6.  7iOp    {simple  stam)]  ^^T)  {intensive);  ^\^T::)r\ 
{causative)',    h'Cprs'H.     SopJ    [*yOp:n]   (T     a.    N 

5     reflexive). 

A.    STRONG   TRILITERALS    (NON-GUT- 
TURAL). 

A.    THE   SIMPLE   STEM. 
1.    NOUNS, 
lo  XIX.  PRELIMINARY  OBSERVATIONS. 

A.  NOUN  A.  YERB. 

n::?:  in?,  nnr,  iiiDr  {noun) ;  n:)?,  ^^v  {verb). 

•.<••    '       T-  -T  :• 

B.    NOMINAL  FORMATION. 

mj,  "ll3Jl    {simple  a.    sharpened    formations); 
15    1p5^D,   [1lp5   (with  preformatives   a.    affor?natives). 
C.    NO:\nNAL   INFLECTION. 

n»pi3,  DH^pD;  iT3n  Tpn,   nin'.  *iipi3; 
:r]mpip ;  nipri,  nlipi?.  dinh  nipi?-  nnpiD 

30  'd.    PRINCIPLES  of  CLASSIFICATION. 

1.     "1^*^.   nDb*3   {masculine  a.  feminine  nouns). 


33  XX.    FIRST  CLASS  OF  NOUNS. 

2.  y?f2  (orig.  malku[n]),  "l*pD  (paqid)  {mono- 

syllables     a.    dissyllables). 

3.  "i:i^  (dabar),  dSI;^    ('alam),   Ipi:,  pHV, 

,  T    T  T  II'- 

7lJi^DD   (with  fni/table  a.    immutable  vowels). 

a.  MASCULINE   KOUNS. 

XX.     FIRST  CLASS.  ONE    (SHORT)  TOWEL  IN 

THE  SYLLABLE  OF   THE    STEM    (CVCC). 

1.   qatl 

S.  «bf    dar'k(u)-de'reK'  t]"l*l 


dar'kiy(a)=3darki'' 

^3-1*1 

II 

P^   abs. 

dara'kim = d,?raKim'* 

*    T   I 

cstr. 

da'rakaiz=dar^K6'* 

^'^  *?"''!! 

dara'kai  j(a)  —  d^raKay" 

da'rakaikum' = daivKeKem' ' 

D?'?")"!! 

D.  ^bs. 

rag'laim— ragla'yim' 

D^S;ii 

15 

cstr. 

ragiai— ragle'^ 

ntr!}^  ^Sji 

2.     qit],  sipr   n£)D,    n£)D;    sip^i"    DnDD,    HSD 


*  T  : 


(...._  _  ^ .        ......               .      •  -  :  I  • 

3.        qutl,  qud§      'tr'-jp,    *J^'lp;    ^uqar    DHpS- 

nin»  *tj^np[,    npDi,    D:3^t5np;    ii^utu  20 

T     :  ••     :It          -'  t:               v  ••     :•  t 


XXI.  SECOND  CLASS  OF  NOUNS.  23 

'a  flattened  to  e ;  second  e  faint  remnant  of 
a  fuller  vowel ;  °a,  i  or  u[o]  remains  in  closed  syl- 
lable; ^unaccented  v  reduced  to  e\  (orig.)  accented 
a  produced  to  a;  'v  remains  in  loosely  closed  syl- 
5  lable  (second  v  not  altogether  lost);  "accented  i 
produced  to  e;   ^accented  u[o]    produced  to  o. 

NOTES.   1.  D-13,   riSo-  n:)r  a.  ^^t  i^j. 

vat        'vav  V  vv       :  :  •• 

ly^p  (4,    5;  u  its  homogeneous  v^owel). — 3.    ril2i*3J 

lo  ( ::^i3J).  D^:i^:}N  nicj's:-  D^trnp  a.  o^c^^'-i^r"  (qo-, 

•     :  V  :-  •     tI|T  ■    T|t 

SO-).— 4.       nJ3    a.  7]  Dp*;   D.T£)p3t.-5.   D'J-lp 
a.  D*:ip,  D^n"!"!- 

•  -  T'  :         •  -  T  : 
XXI.      SECOND     CLASS.    SHORT  TOWELS  IN 

BOTH   SYLLABLES   OF   THE  STEM  (CVCVC). 
4.     qatal 
15     S.     ^bs.     da'bar=daBai*'  "1^*^ 

T    T 

"tr-     dabar'— d^Bar'  Hin*  "l!Jl 

daba'riy(a)=d<'Bari'  ^DT 

daba'raka'z=dfBa'r<fKa'  ^1^1 

daba'rakum=d^Bar,?Kem'  DD"1D1 

P.  a^s.      daba'rim=d<?Barira'  DHD"! 


24  XX[.    SECOND  CLISS  OF  NOUNS. 

cstr.      da'barai  =  diB^re' (12,13)  D|?n  HDI 

T  T       ••:    • 

daba'raiy(a)=d<?Briray'  HD'l 

-T  : 

da'baraikum'^diB^reKem'  DDH^T 

D.   abs.     kana'paim=kmapa'yim  D^DJD 


•  -t: 


ka'napai=kan^pe'  DHLJ^J  ^DJD      5 


•T  : 


5.  qatil,  za'qm=zaqcn' pr,  Ifl*!}  fpT   (afore),  ^JpjT 

^4pj?i  D^;,-).?,  SNn:r>  \jpj[,  ^Jpr,  DD^jp.r- 

6.  qatul,  qa'tun  =qaton'    ?l^3p,    VJ12   [Dp  i    ba'rud 
Dn"lD(20,3'). 

NOTES.  1.   D^'ppjt   (Spj),    vnn   ^"pnjiro,  lo 

^^'^OJlS,  D.T'?Q:Si    (9).  —  2.   D;^:r-f5V(labin; 
e  for  e  in  ligature);   Stjl,   HK  StJI  ;  "l!lD.    »15""i:j3  a. 

w  "TDD-  ^^v  *Jc^''+'  vnhijit. 

7.  qital  Slp»'l  S^t^O ;  tli])as'  t^'^l,  *:»01(  =  diB^si'). 

8.  qitil  r\yi'l.  15 

9.  qutul  ^iSd'HS^  (0  foi"  0  in  ligature)^  I^Sd^- 


XXII.— XXIII.   THIRD  A.  FOURTH  CLASSES.        25 

XXII.  THIRD  CLASS.    SHORT  YOWEL  IN  THE 
FIRST,  LONG  YOWEL  IN  THE  SECOND  SYL- 
LABLE OP  THE  STEM.   (CYCYC). 
10.     qatal,    ka'bad=kaB6D'     (18,18  )    11^3,  11^3 

:        I  :    I  :  v    :   i  :  •        : 

11.  qatii  ypQ,  D;iSrrTpt),  in^ps;  Dn^pfi- 

12.  qatui  r])i^,  ,iin»  rjn^;  o^jpn^-  ,nin*  ^dto- 

13.  qital  (qutal)   ^H^),  flDN    !}nD:2 ,     D!JnO:D ; 

T  :         V  v:       T  : 

14.  qitil  (qutil)  -|^£33,  Dn^DD- 

15.   qMi(qutui)  SiDf  d'd;;  nS^i  *}• 

XXIIL     A.  FOURTH   CLASS.   LONG  YOWEL  IN 
THE  FIRST,  SHORT  YOWEL  IN  THE 
15  SECOND  SYLLABLE  (CYCYC). 

16.  qatal  ( 4  )  D/li^.  'ala'mim  =  '6'lamim' 
D*dS1;^,  1^  ''^^'^^  (*^6  ^^"^  recedes  before  a 
word  commencing  in  an  accented  syllable). 

IT.   qatii  tofiir,  rrr^  ^m.  ^DDb^',  !^•^v^  Trn^t:/; 

»  ••  •  :   I         •  :v|       'av:    | 

•    :   I       I    VAT     ••  :  <        I   V :    I 


26  XXIV.  FIFTH  CLASS  OF  NOUNS. 

B.     FORMATIONS  OF  EQUAL  INFLECTIOK 

19.  qattal  S^NV  D^V^NH- 

T-  •  T- 

20.  qittil  D^N,   D^p'^N;   Dnir  (cf-  20,  3';  4,  3). 

21.  (ma'qatal)maq'tal -iplnn  nO":50- ti'^PD  (24,1), 

'tt  -       -  :  -         T»  :  • 

mn^  ^^pp.  ^tr'ipn,   ^LJ^'ipp.    DDIDpp;    5 
D^::^'ipo,7N  >tr*ip^.  pNH  »:iQirb  (24,12 ). 

•    tI  :  •       ••     ••    :i  :  •    I    v<tt    —  :    • 

22.  maqtil   njp^-     "l£)pD,      DHnpn     Hflplp  t 
(24,7),   nBDtp- 

XXIV.     FIFTH  CLASS.    IMMUTABLE  VOWELS 

IN  BOTH  SYLLABLES  (CVCVC).  ^° 

27.  qattal  :}JlJ|.  qittal  ^DN,  DHDN,  DiDnDN;  ni!j;i. 

T-  T  •  'T   •    .         V    "IT   • 

28.  qattil  pHV-     H     29.     qattul  ^)yc*- 

30.     maqtal  jripSfO- ninprp-  II    32.  maqtiil  tJ^'l^Sn- 
33.     taqtil   l^pSri-     11     34.     taqtiil  h)t2^r)- 

XXV.     b.     FEMININE  NOUNS.  15 

A.     MODE  OF  FORMATION. 

1.     mal'kat=malka'  nD7?2;  sada'qat=  s.?Daqa' 
npl?^  ;  gada'lat=g^D61a'  Jl7i"tJ  j !^:a'pitat=so'P^ta' 


XXV.     FEMININE    NOUNS.  27 

ntOflb^,  bagi'dat^bo'GCDa'    ni^b;  sakku'lat=  sak- 

t:|  t-i 

kula'  ,1731^*. 
T  :  - 

2.     gibart'  (gibirf)  =  g^Be'rcT    (23,1  )  ni!3,'!; 

npnh;  nppi^';  nnbp- 

3.  nS*N  a.  nS'-N,  "int:^n  ph'K-  n^Son, 

TT-  vv-         -<--         vv-         tt:   - 

B.  FIRST    CLASS.   CVCC— AT. 

1-3.   n^S^,  N^tr'  n^S^,  nnonp;  nioS^. 

t:-         t:  -:-  tt:'-  t: 

nb*:33  a.  nb^:}3,  nn;^n:i  (n,i3);  t^^^Nnntr^D; 

T  :  -  T  :  •  T  <t;-  •  ~  •    • 

T  :       '        -  :  •         •  -  Ti  :  • 

C.  SECOND  CLASS.  CVCVC— AT. 

4.  n,TTV,  D^pn^n  npjy.  'np^7V'  ^Oi^^lV' 
nipnv,  mn^  nlpni^,  ijranv-  Note  nM;nD-i3 

It:  I     :•  ••!    :  •  t-'  :      "    ^ 

mn»  but  ♦riDn:!. 

•  t  :  • 

15        5.   hSdi   dhnh  rh'21  ^nS:3M,  nnSnj, 

T-:  TT  -:•         •  T,-:  :  IT 

1n7:3^  njn7,  d'ht?-  Note  »jpn  n^rji  • 

T  :  •        T-  :  ...  :     ^  .  t  -  •: 

6.  ri?ii  OT^D  n'?"!*!.  rin'7"i:i-'  ni'^'i. 

T  : :       -t: :  T       -  : :        '  :  |t  ; : 

1.   dni'Sk  nmp-ii  9-  nnnpS,  Dnanpni. 

v:       -  :l  •  t  :'  t:  tt  :'t 


lo 


28  XXV.    FEMININE    NOUNS. 

D.    THIRD  CLASS.    CVCVC— AT. 

10(13).   nSiiji;  niShji. 

T      :  : 

11(14).  nn^ij,  ^nri^nj;  ni:D^m 

T   •  :       •  T    r  :  ■  : 

12  (15).   innD^  »j*;^  nniotr'- 

T|;  :      -  ••  : 

E.  FOURTH   CLASS.   CVCVC— (A)T.  5 

16.17.   nnnb,    nnni)-    nDDir,   mS», 

T  I  T  :  I 

'■-   \         V  :    :-   I  :  I 

19.20(27).  mSu  ^•^t^•^  niS>N   (26,3'). 

T-  vT  :- 

nJ^'iN,  ^riTiN*.  ntr':n;  a.  n:r^^  nc'D^::. 

•   :  -  :  -  T  :  -  •  : 

nnotr'o,  mDra,  t\nir2^f2\  nnrotrfj.    Note 
DnnrjLj^'^    (iT,i0'). 

T     :  :   • 

22.  nW'DD;  nn^r^,  DD^nn^DtD. 

23.  D^j^Sn  npnn,  irip^n^- 

24.  ^nnvSsn-  II  25.  noinn,  mn*  n^inn.    ^s 

26.  n\j^y?r)- 

Note  n"i:3;i,  n^"^^-3,  rrni^iJ-  r]r)^:)^t  n:h3 


XXVI.— XXVII,  NOUNS  W.  PREFORM.  A.  AFFORM.  2y 

(26,63),  f|p^»  pj;-,3,   ^r)^r\^,  ^iniiD;  ni:n5 

(note^,    not    e  \),    nl;^  HllID,   Dnin:)3-  (28,12). 

:  T         7    t:  :  : 

F.    FIFTH  CLASS.    CYCVC— AT. 

28.   nv"-?^.  II  29.   n'^Dcr-  ii  34.   niSinnn- 

5    XXVI.   c.    NOUXS  W.  PREFORMATIVE  N  OR  >. 

35.  ('a'qatal[,'i'qatal]=)  'aq'tal  ['iq'tal]  ?JI1N; 

TT :  -  '  T  :    V        T  :  - 

36.  'aqtil   DJDN-  II 3T.     'aqtul  nibC^'N    ('alep 
of  ei^J>/w;ty?),    np^H   mn^TK- 

38.  'aqtal   ('iqtal)  ^n,3N*. 

39.  'aqtul  nmosTN;  ni"lOtJ^N- 

T       :    ~ 

40.  (ya'qatal^)   yaq'tal  "1,1^^    (26,4'). 

T  :  • 

41.  yaqtul    01pS^ 

XXVII.    (1.    NOUNS  W.  AFFORMATIVE  AN. 
,5  43.     qitlan   [tr^^-  ]'^'^P^- 

44.  qutlan    fS^p^   D'K^!^   f^^p,   D^n  f^^p; 

V  ••  :  :  't 

45.  qata'lan    (qita'lan)  rinS-   (ll^r    (     1     ), 

'     T :      '      T- 


lO 


30  XXVIII.    PARTICLES.    XXIX.  THE  VERB. 

XXVIII.    e.    PARTICLES. 

1.  ADVERBS,  nnnp    (27,9').  onto,  n^on- 

2.  PREPOSITIONS.      daika    lialmadbari      Tin 
"iSI/tDn  {adverbial  accus.),  HDnS^H  Sj^S,  hrh- 

3.  CONJUNCTIONS.   DID-  D1D3.  D"ltDO- 

4.  INTERJECTIONS.     nT^H. 

T   <•  T 

2.    VERBS. 
XXIX.  PRELIMINARY    OBSERVATIONS. 

A.  VERBAL  FORMATION.  ic 
!•     npD    (assertion  of  a  faci)^   |pT    (of  a  qtial- 

iiy)i   ^y   (of  a   quality  conceived  of    as    inherent) 

T 

=paqada,    zaqina,    yakula     (middle    a,  i    and   u 

VERBS). 

2.  Cf.    the  Arabic:   qatala,     qulila   {active   a.     ic 
passive   voices;   the    pass,    of  the   simple    stem  de- 
fimct  in  Hebrew). 

3.  1p£)  :    "ip5  '    "lp£i;  {perfect     a.     imperfect 
tenses). 

B.  VERBAL  INFLECTION. 

1.     Sop.  nStOp,   ^nSop   (^/''>^^,  second  a.  //W/ 


persons). 


XXX.    MIDDLE  A  VERBS.  PERFECT.  31 

2-     StDp.  nStOp  {masculine  a. /^w/«/;;^  genders). 
-It      t  :  I|t 

3.  7tOp.    ^7tpp  (wz^z^/ar  a. ////m/ numbers). 

4.  !r]^riSDp=:]nN  ^ri^tOp   ic^erb  with  the  ac- 
cus.  of  the  pers.  pron.,  w.  suffixes). 

5  a.     MIDDLE  A  VERBS. 

XXX.     THE  PERFECT. 
A.     THE  FORMS  OF  THE  PERFECT. 

SINGULIAR. 

3  p.  m.  qa'tal(a)=qatar' 
lo    "  ''  f.    qa'talat=qa'tda" 
2   ''  m.  qa'ta](a)ta'=qatal'ta* 
"  ''  f.    qa'tal(a)ti=qatalt'* 
1  "  c,    qa'tal(a)tiy'=qatal'ti'' 


nStDp 

T  :  'it 

T  :  <-'t 

n7Dp 

:  :   -'t 


d^Sdp 


IT 


PLURAL. 

15     3  "  "   qa'talii(n)=qa't^lti(n)'« 

2  ''  m.  qata'l(a)tum=q^taltem'^ 

'<  **  f.    qata'l(a)tun=q.?talten'^ 

1  ''  e.  qa'tal(a)nTi'=qatal'nA* 

>23,  16;  note  principle  of  differentiation  (a  in  the 
10    noun,  a  in  the  verb);  -'26,  17;  23,  3;  note  the  differ- 


i:iStop 


33  XXXI.    MIDDLE  A  VERBS.  IMPERFECT. 

ence  in  accentl  '  ta  ||  'anta  (13,  19);  the  final  stem  imvel 
lost  (cf.'),  Hi  i 'anti(n)  (14,1).  'tiy  i  'auakiy  (a) 
(13,19);  t  for  kl  °u(n)=plural  ending  ?<;'///;  or  without 
niination  (14,  12).  'turn,  tun  ||  'antum,  'antun  (14, 
1  f.)  ^nii  il  IjnjN   (13,  14).  5 

B.     THE  PRINCIPAL  FORMS. 

!•        ^LDp      7t3p  (^^^/'^ [perfect  tense-]  stem). 

2.  Il/Dp    H/tDp  [qata'la]  {vocalic  afforinative). 

3.  n7£0p   T)1'^X^  {unaccented  consonantal  afform.). 

4.  Dn7tOp        {accented  cons,  afform.).  lo 
NOTES.     1.     *'Tr\'2  (=karat'ti,  14,  4  f.).  ^Tl^.— 

•<-T    ,  TATT 

2.    IjS  id?  (25,  17  f ).  iy-lDO  (11,  12);  ,T£)  niTiJp 

(daces  forte  conjunctive)-;)'2  rJl^t^i,  v"1J?:DtO- 

:<T        •        :  IT 

c.     THE  PERFECT  INFINITIVE. 

qa'tal  (nominal  form.  10)  7lDp  (mfin.  absolute).  i5 

D.     THE  PERFECT  CONSECUTIVE. 

nStDpi.  ^nSra- ijStDpi;  nSra,  ^nSra  (cf.  13, 

T  :  - '|t:     •    :  -'|t:        :<-It:     t:at't:        •  Cat't: 
1-4). 

XXXI.   THE  IMPERFECT. 

A.     THE  FORMS  OP  THE  IMPERFECT. 

SINGULAE.  ^  ^ 

3  p.  m.  ya'q(u)tulu=yaq'tul(u)=yiqtol''  Sbp^ 


XXXI.    IMPERFECT.  33 

3  p.    f,    taq'tul(u)=tiqtol'='  ^'^P.O 

2  ''  m.   tfiq'tul(u)='  V^pn 
"  "   f.    taq'tuli(ii)  =  tiqtdi(n)'«                     (p^Vppn 

1  "  c.    'aq'tul(u)  =  'eqtol"  ^'^P^! 

5      .  PLURAL. 

3  '^  m.  yaq'tulii(n)=yiqtdLi(n)'«  ^P'^^^P^ 
''  "  f.    taq'tiil(u)na'=tiqtol'na'                   iljSbpn 

2  ''m.  taq'tulu(n)  =  tiqtdu(n)''  i'l))bWi^ 

''   ''   f.   taq'tul(n)na''  HjSbpn 

lo     1   '<   c.  naq'tiil(u)=niqLol'"'  /^pJ 

>ya  =  (?   Cf.  nom.  form.  40)wa||hiiwa;   cf.    26,4; 

29,12;    23,6.     'ta  ||  at    (31,20).     'tafanta    (cf.    also 

nom.      form.    33).    "taFanta,     i(n)iranti(ii);    31,20'. 

^'ai'anija  (13,19;  cf.  also  nom.  form.  35).  M(n) 
J-     32,3.    'cf.';  nai'antunna    (14,2);  cf    \    'cV  \    'cf.^; 

nallhunna    (14,4).    '"na  ||  IjmiV  (*i:nj);  cf  also    the 

N    REFLEXIVE. 

B.     THE  PRINCIPAL  FORMS. 

!•  /Dp*         («^  afformative). 


34  XXXII.  MIDDLE  A  VERBS.    IMPERFECT. 

2-    ^^Dpn    ''blD'pD    [taqtu'li— tiqto'li]    {voca/u    af- 

form.). 

^'  nj/Dpfl         {consouanfal  aiform.). 

T  :  <l:  • 

Note  "|»;^~I0^'>   (24,1V');  n£)"ltrn,   (IDpSv 

XXXII.    THE    IMPERFECT-CONTINUED. 
A.     REMNANT   OF   THE     ENERGETIC    MOOD. 

'aq'tula(n);='eqtda'     H SopN*;    'aqtu'la(n)  =  'eqto'la 

T  A  '  :  V       T  :  ':  •        t  a  '  :  •  t't::  v 

(qn-e    for    HDpL^'N     k^TiB;     3,18);     ^:3-^cr■"n^^1 

(32,13). 

B.    THE  JUSSIVE   (OPTATIVE). 

yaq'tui  '^^c^'^y^   Note  ^cr-l^^  (   4   ).  -inm  Sn 
i:iS,  OGj^'rrSN  [prohibitive). 

T         :  :     • 

C.     THE  IMPERATIVE. 

SINGULAR. 

m.     qutiil'  _  q<ftol'  tCT> 
f.     qu'tuli,     qi'tuliz=qit<?li'  *7Dp 

PLUR.UL,. 

m.     qii'tulu,  qi'tulCi==qitd<i'   iSpp 
f.     qutul'na  =  q^tol'na  JlJ/bp- 


lo 


15 


to 


XXXII.  IMPERFECT.  85 

D,     THE  PRINCIPAL  FORMS    OF   THE 
IMPERATIVE. 

1.  Sbp  2.  ^hw  '>hbp  (qutu'ii)  3.  njSbp. 

NOTES  1.   Nr"lDr-— 2.   oS/'O  t.— 3.    qu'tula(n)  = 

T         T:  'IT 

5     qot^'la'    H7tOp.   qutu'la(u)  —  q^to'la  illtD'p    {emphatic 

iinperati\^e).  ^ypf")::?    (34,10). 
T  :t 

E.  THE  IMPERFECT   CONSECUTIVE. 

1.     wayyaq'tul   \br>'\,  ^^'^^   (12,18). 
':•-  • :  viT 

2.  'h^r)T\^  'H^r>Ts\ 


lo  3.  n:7tDpnv 


n:St 


p.    THE   IMPERFECT   INFINITIVE. 

qutul'      (the    /5<zr<? [imperfect    tense-] ^/.fw;    of.   nom. 
form.9)z3q<?tol'7bp   (infin.    construct).     Note   'lpf2 

T|7?:3;  ^ri?/   (°^*^  f^^'^"'  closing  1). 
,3  G.     THE  PARTICIPLES. 

1.  qatil    (nom.  form.  17)    7tDb  {active). 

2.  qattil  (    "         "      12)     Svop  {passive). 


36  XXXIII.    VERBS  MIDDLE  I    AND   U. 

XXXIII.  b.  VERBS   MIDDLE   I  AND  U. 

PERF.    ka'bid(a)=;kaBeD'   (23,5)  1^3 

••   T 

ka'bidat=kri'B^Da'  (23,3)  r\']:i:i  ni!JD  (  32,8  ) 

t:  it       ta"t 

ka'bidta'=kaBaD'ta  (26,1')  ri"T23  MIIJD 

T   :<~T    T   :att 

kabid'tum=k<?BaDtein'  DDIIlD  5 

qa'tun(a)=qaton'    (23,6)  Jt^p 

qa'timat  =  qa't^na'(23,3)    n:tOp  nra     (     3') 

T   :   1 1 T       T  A  •    T 

qa'tunta'rrqa'ton'ta  (24, 8^=)       DUbp 

T :  a't 

qatun'tum=qHontcm'  DnJtOp  lo 

INF.  ABS.     nl33  {hj  ana/ogy;    cf.   32,16). 

T 

IMPF.     ya'k(a)badu,    ya'k(i)badu, 

yak'bad(u)=yiKbaD'    (32,21)         l^y       ^^y 

-  :  •  AT :  • 

tak'badi'=tiKb^Di  *n!3Dn  H^^n 

•  :  :    •         AT :  • 

tak'bad(u)na'=ztiKbaD'na  n^lSDn  '5 

T  :<-:  • 

IMP.      kabad',kibad'=K6'BaD'  "1^3        ^^^ 

-  :  at: 

ka'bada(n),ki'bada(n)=kiBi'Da'     n"lD3     HIDD 

T :  •  tat  : 

n!33    nn3 

•  :  •  'at  : 

T   :<-: 


^XXIV.   THE   INTENSIVE  STEM.  37 

INFCSTR.     nb3  (36,11;  cf.  35,12) 

NOTES.  1.   fpr,f|^n;  -inj  (36,4),    toi  -in^>; 

p'lv*;  nD:r',  2yc^,  :33-tr'v  But  i:^^:;,  ptr',  rbe'^ 

'^^iDD  a.  pN~ivpv  rDpnr-2.  ppnin,  ])'2:i^D. 

5    p:j3:^n.-3.  nhm,  ohm  p:r',  pN"ptr';  n^^t:^' 

but  anp,  nnnpt  (35,5),  r  "11^1,  n?j"i.-4.  Sdlt' 

-I  :  ,       T  :It  -  :  tat:  -  : 

Sipn  a.  ^^on-D^4:>t.  t^>N-:iip3(34,8*),  n^ni^S- 
—5.   fpr,  ^i"i[^,   pny;  nS^p^'  (cf.   »nSb^), 

TT  :   •       ••      :         *•  I      T 

lo  XXXIV.    B.  THE  INTENSIVE   STEM. 

A.     1.     NOUNS. 
10  a.  qattal(at)   r\v'l  fllp-l  (daces   forte    for   //z- 

/•^«j//f),  ^n:r'p3. 

•   T   '|T- 

15  a.    qittiil  UiVl^,  DH^tJ^'. 

^5  2.     V  E  R  B  S. 

B.     ACTIVE. 

PERF.  qat'tal(a),  impf.  yaqat'til(u)    imp.  qat'til 

qat'til(a),    qit'-  ^y^qattel'*  =qattel' 

til(a)  =  qittel" 

2o  Sop  h'or:^  hw 


38  XXXIV.  THE  INTENSIVE  STEM. 

INF.  ABS.    qattal'        inf.  cstr.     *7t3p 
wbp)        PART,  maqat'til- 
'hlDp        u(n)=m^qattel'*  hl3pf2     ^ 

J  second  i  introduced  from  the  impcrf.  stem, 
first  \  hj  assimilaiion  to  the  second  (12,9);  36,2. 
=cf.  nom.  form.  10  a.  'corresponding  to  qattil(a). 
^i  the  characteristic  vowel  of  the  impf.  stem  (active).     lo 

h-oipj-  SDp_:=Sib|:) :  Sbp;.  (cf.  35,12). 

NOTES.  1.  S*!^  (3T,20;  '^'T].  D33  a.  ^53  (e  for 

e).    Sap,  "i::i,  D3D,  ntopS,  ^nn2i.-2.  vr\'2in, 
ir^yirs-  n:nnn  (i2,i8),  n^-ini,  *7ir'n:ii;  i:jiNn 
(12,18).  none  13,3^  ),"i:n"ini  (i3,3o,  m^iKi  15 
(i3,2i).— 3.  NrnnsD  (  35,6  ).  — 4.   nbopn- 
rr\T\r2-T\t]^'2'o  (28,13),  n^i^mti^DQ-Dn^n^n- 

VV-:         T-   -:  •        VV-: 

nni:^!jon;  D^7tr:DDn  n*:n— 5.  nj^ra   (28,8  ), 

t'  :  • 


XXXV.  THE  CAUSATIVE  STEM.  39 

c.  PASSIVE. 

PERF,    qut'ti](a),  qut'tal(a)     impf.    yaqut'tal(  u  )    = 
5       =quttal'>  Sop        y^quttal''  vDp*. 

nSop  'S:ppn 

nSop  n:St2p'n 

INF.  ABs.    quttaP       7bp    inf.    cste.  C^^P) 

PART.    maqut'talu(  n )  =: 

m^qutial'^  ^'Opt2 

la     introduced    from     the     impf.     stem,    '■'cor- 

responding   to   quttal(a).   'a  characteristic   vowel  of 

the    impf    (passive).     ^Sop  =   ^^"^1-=^^;^^  Sop^. 

(38,11).   ^cf  '  and  31,19. 

15       Note  nStr'n-  :}ii;i-  ^crpDm  (38,i83),  ip-nv 
t'^r>t:^r^.  nn^ob,  nSnoo,  'rvMy^^-^  D^c^npon, 

XXXV.     C.  THE  CAUSATIVE  STEM.  VERBS. 
A.     ACTIVE. 
2o  PERF.  ha'q(a)tala=        impf.  yaha'q(a)-      jussive 
haq'tal(a),  haqti-  tilu=  yahaq'-        yaq'til= 

1(a),    hiqti](a)  =  til(u)  =  yaq-      .   yaqtel'' 

hiqtil'^       h'^'^T\  til'-^       S'Pp^  Spp^_ 


40  XXXV.   THE  OAUSATIVE   STEM. 

T  •<-!  :  •  T  :<  -I  :-  •     <  I  :- 

INF.  ABS.  '^Sopn     INI^  CSTR.  ^^^DpH  ll^SopH 


T  :<• 


PART,    maha(^'tilu(n)  = 
maq'til=maqtil''  ^^PpO      5 

>  ha =rt'//^ /«!?/// of  the  caus.  stem  (active);  second 
i  I'u/roduced  from  the  impev^.  (cf.  38,7)  and  irregu- 
larly produced  to  i;  first  i  by  assimilation  to  the  sec- 
ond (cf.  38,  8).  ''corresponding  to  haqtil(a)  (cf.  38, 
9=).  'i  characteristic  \owq\  of  the  imperf.  stem  (active);  ^° 
cf.  (38,10);  12,  15;  cf.',  ^regular  production  in 
closed  sylhxble  in  the  beginning  or  middle  of  a  word 
{doubly  closed  syll.);  long  vowels  not  tolerated  there. 
'S^Ppn:   yahaqtil  =St3p:    ^^\>\i^'^^    1^     )-  '^^•'\ 

tendency  of  the  jussive  towards  shortening  the    form.       15 
'note  the  relation  of  juss.  a.  imp."  note  the  accentl 

NOTES.   1.  nnnDm  (cf.e  a.  32, 17),  ♦m:)n") 
(  32, 11  ).  ij^r'^pn.  — 2.  p•^Dp^  foSt^'n.  "^j^'y 

I  •    :-,  '<•:    -  •:-  :        '     r         vv.:- 

»3,  Nr|3pn. 


XXXVI.  THE  T  REFLEXIVE.  41 

B.     PASSIVE. 

PERF.    hu'q(ii)tila  =  impp.  yahu'q(u)talu  part. 

huq'til(a),huq'tal(a)     =yuq'tal(u)=yoq-  mahuqta- 

=hoqtal'>       ^'Or)n     tal''               SdD*  lu(n)  = 
- 1 :  T                                    -  '  :t 

iih:2^n              ^hiDrir\  inuq'tai= 

nSopn                   nJ^Dpn  moqtal- 

INF.  ABS.            'StDpil      INF.     CSTR.  "^Dpil  VtOPO 


lo 


'hu=^//^w67-!/ of  the  caus.  stem  (passive);  a.  in- 
troduced  from  the  impf.  stem  (cf.  39,11).  "corresp. 
to  huqtil(a).  'a  the  characteristic  vowel  of  the  impf. 
stem  (passive).  *7tODn:  yahuqtal(u)  =  7^tOpn:  ya- 
haqtil  (40,14  ).  "cf.  39,14. 

Note        ^r^^T\    {yyVTW    -^^r^TS     a.    i:)S:r\ 

•  -:  T  ~  •     •  AT  •  :  T  <ST  :  : 

,5  D.     THE  REFLEXIVE  STEMS.  VERBS. 

XXXVI.     THE  T  REFLEXIVE. 

PERF.  hit(a)qat'tala=    impf.  yahitqat'-         imp. 
hitqat'tal(a),  hitqat'-     til(u)  =yitqat'-  hit — 

til(a)     —  hiiqattel''     til(u)=  yiTqat- 


43  XXXVI.  THE  T  REFLEXIVE. 

INF.  ABs.   'Spj^nri  INF.  csTR.  'bopn^ 

PART,    nialiitqat'tilu(n)  = 
initqat'til=miT(|attel''  7Dpn^ 

^tsi— augment  of  the     T  reflex,    stem;     hi — an 

ele7nent  of  euphony  (cf.  29,8")  added  to  the   augment,     5 

after  the  latter  had  lost  its  vowel;  the   remainder 

=  qattil(a),    cf.     37,18.     'of.     38,2';   the     principle 

carried  by  analogy  into  the  imperf.  stem.   ^  corresp. 

to     hitqattil(a),    cf.    38,9'.     ;cf.    40,11;     lb.      10. 

'7Dpnn=    yahitqattil(u)  =  S'tDpn  =   yahuqtal(u)      10 
••J-  :  .  -)  :  T 

(41,12). 

NOTES.   1.  "irinpn,  "isnti^n,  ^wm  (tiq- 

tattala  ;     3,19);     pTiOS^rT  (t   for  t  after     s;    ib.  ); 
13lp    (t  assifnilafed    to    d  ;18,9'').—     2.       f]5/pnn 
(hitqattala).     7LDpn.3-    imp.    7Dprin   (a  introduced     15 
from  the  perf.  stem.)— 3.  ^m'DTS'n,  "):D"in\  I^T'ipnS 

imp.  1^'ipnn-  [nsDOT,  nv'?5n*--4.  ^nS^Jinrri 

^nti^lpnH"!'''  (i  reintroduced^  because  not  under    the 
stress  of  the  accent).    n^^lSntrnt-— 5.  m^'pr\f2- 
—6.     Passive:     hutqattil(a)  (41,9;    ib.  2):     DlSDil     20 
^Jl^rrriK   (t  assimilated  to  k,     14   ;     note    i  I )    a. 

npiDnn  (cf.  39,15=;  i8,io^). 

I:|t:    t 


XXXVII.     THE  N  REFLEXIVE.  43 

XXXVII.     THE  N  REFLEXIVE. 

PERF.  na'qatal(a)  tmpf.  yahin(a)-  imp.    hinqa'til  = 
=naq'tal(a)  =       qa'til  (  u  )    =       hiqqatel' 
niqtal"  yinqa'til(u)  = 

5  yiqqntel'^ 

Sd|7J  "^of^l  ^Dpn 

t:I  :■  .•   :I,T-  •  :I,t- 

T  :<-':  •  T  :<-'  T-  t:<-'t' 

INF.  ABS.    ""hbp^   INF.CSTR.'SjOpn 

't  •  ••'t* 

PART,  naq'talu(n) 

=niqtril'«  StOpj 
T':  • 

^nsi=at/gmen/  of  the  N  reflex,  stem,  added  to  the 
simple  stem;  36,  13.    'Sb^J  :  SopJ  =  SltOp  :  StOp 

'5  (32,  15).  '  assimilated  in  form  to  the  impf.,  with 
which  it  is  most  frequently  used,  'characteristic 
vowel  of  the  perf.  reintroduced.  '  i  characteristic 
rowel  of  the  impf.  stem  (active)  (42,  9');  cf  42,  5 
ff.5  42,    21  ;  31,    9.    °cf.    42,    V.   '  StDpH  =  jahinqa- 

2o    til(u)  =  SLDpnn:  yahitqattil(u)  (42,10).  '41,  13\ 

NOTES.     1.    T\'^'2'l  (40,  17=).— 2.   nriDN  (cf    33, 

T<-:  •  ••  T  V 

4)  but    n-!D5N*,  niDDN*-— 3.    niD^^,    Vn'O'^'TW 

T-  IT   •  TA--  T   •  '  :|T'         '     rt  --IT      * 


44    XXXVIII.    MIDDLE  A  VERBS  WITH   SUFF. 

pDTn,nj")Dir'n— 4.  \DhD%  n^^nt,  Soj-nt  (cf. 

t':<-t'        t  :a-t    •  ••t*  v<t  •  ^- t 

38,  12').— 5.     NJ-nSn  (32,  12>;  cf.  40,  21).    Note 

T        V<T- 

'■)f2l^n  (for  emj>/iasis\).  017    "n^H-  —  6.     ninLTJ, 

•.•<T     •  •.•<T  •  T 

nnxo;  Dnn:rj.    DS"n:j:rjS,  rma:)^  Note 

DH^DJ    but  pN-n^DJ  (29,  18^).  5 

•T  '    VAT        

Note  the  following  terms  used  by  mediaeval 
Jewish  grammarians  (e.  g.  Abraham  ibn  ezra,  died 
1167,  and  david  qimhi,  died  1235):  SpH  f*JS  i- ^. 
the  /ig/i/  formatio?i  =  simple  stem  (also  ^^5,  from 
the  verb  used  in  their  paradigms);  "I^SDH  O  t-  ^.  lo 
the  /leazy  form.  =  intensive  stem  (7|^5  =  active, 
S;;^  =  passive);  r|Dl^n  ID^DH  O  ^  ^-  the  tz//^--- 
w^«/^^  heavy  form.  =  causative  stem  (7^^511=  act- 
ive, b^Sn  =  passive)  ;  ^^*t)r\tl  =  the  T  reflexive 
and  Sp£)J=the  N  reHex.  15 

E.     THE  VERB  WITH  SUFFIXES. 

a.     THE  SIMPLE  STEM. 

XXXVIII.     MIDDLE  A  VERBS.  PERFECT. 

qa'tala=SDp  (31,9),    ^  SDp=qata'laniy(a) 
=q^tala'ni  ^.jStDp  (note  a, though  accented!)  *J7tOp5    20 


5 


XXXVIII.     THE  PERF.  WITH  SUFF.      .         45 
qata'laka'  =  qHa'l<?Ka'  ^StOp  TlSop:    qata'laki  = 

':|t':       avt':      , 

q^tal^K'  ^7L0p  ;  qata'la(li)u=q^tal6'  I^JOD  ;  qata'- 
lah(a)=q^talali'n7Dp-  11lj»?  ^Dp=qata'lanu=qHa- 
la'nti  IjStOp;  DDnN*  S^p;  pHiV  Sop  ;  qata'la'- 
(h)um=q<?talam'D7Dp  qata'la(h)un=q^talan'  ptOp 
(cf.  XII.  and  note  in  the  first  pers.  here  niy(a), 
there  y(a)). 


qa'talat  —niiJp   (^1,  10).    qata'latniy(a)  =  q^- 

talax'ni    ''^phl^'D   ^JH/Dp;   q<?ta'lat(a)ka'  =q^ta]a'- 
•  :<-T  I:       •  :aT  t'  : 

lo    Td'Ka   (the   accent   does  fw^  go  beyond  the  fem.  end.  ; 

the  penult  loosely  closed)  ^TTn^tOp  ^ilvLDp;    qata'- 

lat(a)ki  =  q^tala'iek  (e  for   6,   because    ujtaccented) 

nnSop;  qata'lathu^qHrdaT'hu  inn7tDp  liinStDp, 
'  V  <tt'  :  :<-  tI  :         :  '^TT  '  : 

qata'lat(h)u==q^talat'tu  (the  suppression  of  \\\Q.l)reath- 

15  ing     emphasises  the    preceding    consonant  ;  18,   9) 

inSop  ^flStOp;  qata'lat(h)a'=q^talat'ta—  .in^tDp 
<-tI  :       '^TTl  :  t<- t  • : 

nn^Dp-      qata'latnii     l^nSiDP    IllStOp-.    H^tDp 
TrtTT':  :  <-tI:  :  att':  t  :  'it 

DDHN  ;  pn?^    nSlOP;    qata'lat(h)um=q^tala'Tam 
(  a    for    a,  12  )    DilStDp  ;     qata'lat(h)un    [nS'Op- 


46  ,  XXXVIII.  THE  PERF.  WITH     SUFF. 

qa'talta' =:nS:Dp    (31,11).    ^jnS'Jp    ^JflSop ; 

T  :  <- 1 T       .  •<-:-!:       •  at  :  - ' : 

innS'top,  inSop;  nnS^p-  ij^Sop;   niroDp^ 

<T  :  -' :  :  -I :  t  :  -I:  <t  :  -':  t  :  -': 

qa'taiti  =  rhap  (31,12).  'o'n'^op ;  in'n'^Dp; 

nnSop-  ijnStop-.  o^'iS^p;  rnSop-  5 

qa'taitiy=»nSop  (31,13).  ^i^nSop;  Tj^nVop ; 

IiTdSdP,  VnStDp    (16,11;    u  following    upon    a 
heterogejieous    [5,19]     vowel    becomes    w    [  3,  3  ]); 

f>n7Dp.  '° 

qa'tam  =  iViOp     (31,15).     ^JlSop :     ^iStOp; 
:'|T  •    <tI:  I  <  tI: 

niTO;  in^tOp:  ni7tDp.  ^J7Dp;   DDilN  I^Dp; 

I      t':  <:  t':        t   <  t"  :         <:tI  :  v  :v  :' |t 

qatal'tum,      qatal'tim=DriStOp,    friS^p    (31, 
16  f).  qatalluniy(a)  ^JinSop  :  innSop  ;  HinStOp.     '5 

unS^p;  DinS^p;  pnS'op- 

qa'talnti=  IjSop    (31,18).    ^^IjStDp  ;  ^IjS^P , 

injStop;  mj^Dp-  D::nN  i^S'iDp;  pav  -uSop; 

<:,:  -I:      t  <  :  -':        v  :    v  :  -' t     'v  :  v         :  -' t 

DiiSop;  p:iSop- 


XXXIX.      THE   IMPERF.     WITH    SUFF.  47 

XXXIX.     THE   IMPERFECT  WITH  SUFFIXES. 

yaq'tulu z=  Sbp;.  (32,21).  yaq'tiilimiy(a),  yaq'- 
tuliniy(a)  (14,2)=yiqtde'iil  ''^hlD'D'''  yaq'tulika'  = 
yiqtokKa'     (23,4    f . )     ^StOp_    yaqtuli'ka    ^Sop* 

5     (45,1');     ya'qtuIihiV  =  yiqtde'M     inSop^;   jaq'- 

<■  *  '.  I'. ' 

tuliha'^yiqWe'ha    nVop^    (     4   ).  IjStDp* ;    SdD* 
DDHN;  pa^  Sop*;  oSpp^;  fSpp^- 
ta'qtulu  =  Vopn    (33,1).    Cf.   h\Dp'>- 

taq'tulii=Sbpn  (  33,2  ).    Cf.     the     preceding 
lo    (omit  the   suff.    of  the   2.    pers.). 

ta'qtuii'=^;:)ppn  (33,3).  ^j^Sppn;  i.TSppn; 
.TStDpn-  ^rSopn;  o^S^pn;  p^opn- 

'aq'tiihi  =  SbpN    (33,4).    Cf.      Sop*     (omit  the 
suff.    of  the    1.  pers.). 
IS  yaq'tulu' =lStpp|     (33,6).     ^JlSpp|     etc.;     cf. 

*^tDpn    (add    the  suflf.    of  the   2.  pers.) 

ta'qtulu'zzilSppn      (33,8).     ^JlS^pn     (--=also 

♦riN  il^^tDpSr)  2.  and   3.  pers.)  cf.   iStO^^     (omit 
with  the  2.   pers.  the  suff.    of  the   2.  pers.). 
2o  naq'tulu=: Sbp^    (33,10)    cf.    '?D'^i<- 


48  XL.  THE  ILIP.  AND  INF.   WITH  SUFF. 

NOTES.      1.       1£)'T1^      a.     niDS^It     (the     final 
:  :  *  T  :  :• 

stem  vowel  of  tlie  perf.  introduced  into  the  impf.). 
— 2.  yaqtulan'ka  (suff.  added  to  the  energetic 
mood     [34,7];     nun    energetic)     ijSop*     {^%;2V)\ 

':p!^pT\    (43,19=);  ^njSpp>  i:il^-)T      (45,   Uf.),     s 

n^nDS^-3.  n^DDDN,  ^'isrs'  (34, s)^ 

T<v:  :  *  t<vt:  :  v     t'-.-t:  :' 

XL.     THE  IMPERATIVE  AND  INFINITIVE 
WITH  SUFFIXES. 

A.     THE  IMPERATIVE. 

qutul'=  Stop  (34,    16).     qu'tuluniy(a),     qu'tuli-     ^ 
my(a)    (47,2)    =  qotae'ni    (cf.     34,    17)  ;  inStOp  ; 

nStop-  ijSdp;  nStDp;  ?S*op- 

T<v  :l  T      <••   :l  T      ••  :  It    '  *•  :!  t 

^Stop-  *:^Sdp  etc. 

iStOp-  '•JiSdP    (=also  ^riK  njSbp)  etc. 

Note  HIdS  a.  n^n^t  (1  f.). 
T  :  T  T  :  T 

B.     THE  INFINITIVE  (CONSTRUCT). 

qutul'=7lbp  (35,  12;  s.  nom.  form.  9).  Note 
vLDp  {subjective  genitive)  a.  *J7pp  {objective  gen.); 
^7Pp,   OriSop,  pTtPp  or  (to  avoid  the /^j^  of  the 


15 


XLI.    VERBS    MIDDLE  I  AND  THE  OTHER  STEMS.  49 

second   vowel    in  firmly    closed    syllable)    Tj^tOp, 
DjSdP>  pSdP   (with  accent  shifted)-^    ^nStOp- 

XLI.     A.     VERBS  MIDDLE  I  WITH  SUFFIXES. 

Perf.  ^jSiJI   (44,  19;  48,   11  )  (poet,    lor  ^HN  h^}), 

5    DtJ^'^7l — Impf.  ^Jti^'^S^I  (yalba'  siniy(a)  =  yilbase'- 
v-.t:- 

ni)  [q:J^■3':'^  !nt:^"3^^  m::^'37n]-  —imp.  [>jtr':j7, 

'    :|T  :  •         '  AvT  :  •       t   <  t  :  *  •<"  t  : 

♦w::^].— Inf.  nnD:^t  (37,  r-  24,  150,  n^Dtr' 

•  <  T  :  T  :  •  ':  :  T 

(37,  V.  1;48,  19). 

B.  b.  THE  OTHER  STEMS.  THE   INTENSIVE. 

10    ''TSp^        (sig'giraniy[a]),      :r|V5p     (^^'     ^^'^     ^^^• 

*;o^p.  :i"ipr,  ^pipn.  Note  nn£)pn-  ♦jiddd, 

♦jnbn*(fem.*)  ;■  nil"  a."  ^JiTp^S    (48,  18  ;  39,153) ; 
''^^^,^  'Tl^^P-  ^o^^  DD'^'7jW(orig.  i,  not  el).— 

^  ^  ■  *  c.    THE  CAUSATIVE. 

^jti^'^riSn,  nn^Dtrn  etc. ;  *jSna\  nS^tr":)*  etc. ; 
^pD^V^'^^*'  V.?'^^"^V  ^^?'"?1'!!'  '^^*'^p'!?^' 

*pnyO-     Note    iJ^S^nt   {first   vowel     of  the   stem 
preserved  [in  reduced  form];  3,  19). 

D.  THE  REFLEXIVE  STEMS. 

DnniDp.  Note  nn3DjV'(44, 5). '  "'^ 


15 


50  XLII.    NOUNS    FIRST    GUTTURAL. 

B,  STRONG  TRILITERALS  WITH 
GUTTURALS. 

1.     NOUNS. 
XLII.   NOUNS  FIRST  GUTTURAL. 

1.   12^^  1:1^,  "iDn  a.  TDH,  pNnt.  n^:;    5 

V  AT  VAV  VAT         '     V  T  T 

(cf.     23,8=);     DnDpn     {tinaccented    a  and    i   with 
gutturals  reduced   to  a  [cf.    23,3]),    nV:f1N>    HD^^ 

(29,2=).  D^£)S^^•  r^y^^.  p"ipti^"  n^^^NMinwN; 
nipn,  ^D£)N- 

T  :  • 

2.     pSn.    'p^n  (i  with  gntts.   in  closed  syl- 
lable    shortened    to    e ) :     D\':)Snn,     Sd    ^Sj{<, 

•       -:  AT 

DH^pSn-  npSn,  nnb^n  npSn,  ^iDin ;  niDnnS, 
^^iD-iin   nii3-int  (23,ir),   urrCiV  n^n,  :ir>'!;}    ,. 
nm,  r';2*^'  "^^'^l  ^p^^  '^^^^^  'h)ii<t2- 

3.   tr'-in,  "iL^^in ;  o^trnnn  («^'^^^.  u[o]  with 

T  t: 

gutts.    reduced     to    o),     H^LTn     ''C^IH,     Win 

TT 

D:D^tr'in-  D*J?N-  n:n-in,  nbS^"  n^nn,  ^nDDH; 


lO 


15 


XLII.     NOUNS  FIRST  GUTTURAL.  51 

T  :  T 

(accus.  ending   w/f/i     mimation   [14,15])   a.    HJ^i^ 

T  :  T 

{without  mimation). 

DJN,  D^*:  d:n*;  D^^jii^n  (49,22),  d'^  'd:n, 

AT-:  V,T  -  rt  ~ 

Dil^^^lN*    (note    a!),    '^y^    (=zOrig.   'i'nab='enaB'); 
-  -J- .. 

D^::jpD,  q-inj  ^n:ip  ( v  y  n-nn.  D^'lS^*  nnnnt, 

-:         'av  • :      •  • :    •  -:  -  :  v 

5  (8).   -lynn,  fDirbn  nvn-   ib^r  :ip_r:3, 
i»N  riSn^  oSn)  a.  o^Nj-SDNOt.  d;5n  r]']N- 

^mnvnt-   niJOiV  but  r\\^^T\  (   9=  ),    nt:';2n 

D^£)^Kt-    irjnn^nt.     D^D"n3Li^n     (note     el)    but 

I  <•    T 

10.   nnri;^.  11  u.   on^oK- 

12.   KDv  pSn;D^v"iSn,  N:3V^viSn, 


63  XLII.    NOUNS    FIRST  GUTTURAL. 

13.     "TlDH;  "l1?N  (i  sometimes  retained  with  }«J, 
e=accented  i),  -li;>  -^irK  ;    ^DN  (accented  i;  51,15'), 

T    • 

mON    (unaccented    i    reduced    to    e    with    K); 
TTv: 

15.   Dn-in;  pQkV,  vSr3  o^n?^,  miDN- 

21.     pjn?2     (note      second     a!t-: — tendency    of 
I  — li- 
the gutts.   towards    retaining    the    first  vowel    [in 

reduced   from,  because   unaccented']  of  the    stem    ac- 
cording to  the  fllg.  scale:  +  H,  p,  H,  N  — ),  rjtr'nD    ^° 
(daaes     lene    to    indicate   the    firm    closing  of  a 
preceding    syllable   ending    in   a  gutt. ;    note   the 
function    of    the  daoes    lene  I);    Wy2/*r\'0^  (    2^    ), 

pN-^DWD-  nnt^nD,  riD'^n^,  nntrno,  nDsrn^ 

nn:3;^0,  D\iSn   mOn^D    (note    second  a  before 

-| 

e  ),   p■^^1  m"i3;;D--  ni'pnn^t,  nnsno.- 

SdND,  np-)5  S^N/tD,  ^'2i^t2,  DIdSdNVO-  hSdKD. 

-pN-npn^    (26,4-50,120.  :j3-id;   n^D-i;^,  20 


XLIII.    NOUNS  MIDDLE  GUTTURAL.  53 

np^TOii  n:2Dno,  in^:)");p;  m:jD"iQ,    r\:i2ifp 

22.  '■\tyt2-  "i^po-  Y^iD-  yn  "i^;^D  a. 
npa  "i^pot,  ntr;?^;  nnt:^;^^,  DD^mti^po- 
5       23.   npSno,  inpSn^;  nipSnQ(note  ^^;m^- 

cented  u!) 

30.    niDHO. 

43.  p3tr'n  (52, 20');  nij^jti^n  (25, 13) 
o       45.  fiinNt  (9^.  pa^/P;  rjjiD^;;. 

XLIII.   NOUNS  MIDDLE  GUTTURAL. 

1.  11^1  "ip.3  (the  gutts.  r^/d;/«  an  original  a,   as 

their  homogeneous  vowel,  and  sometimes  adopt  it  in 
stead  of  another,    ace.  to  the  fllg.  scale  :t  ^,  n>   il. 

15  K-).  onSt.  Dni;r:)  nSm  (so,  20.  ^anS,  rionS, 
^V}  (52, ir),  ri^pr,  npj;  onpj,  np  n;^j, 
♦n;;j,  Dnn;^j.  D^Spj-  ni^m.  fn^n^  nSm ;  nnpj, 

T  v:  <  t:i  '      T| 

2c  TlSl^i)- N'otelbp'iD  a.  1*nKr)+ (o  produced  to  o  under 

I  at:i  -:i  -:  i 


54  XLIII.    NOUNS  MIDDLE  GUTTURAL. 

the  stress  of  the  secondary  accent).   D^H"!  =  Dv^iD- 

d^Shn!!-  d^Shnh  (53,20).  3pr*  'Sn.s*.  ^>Snxt. 

4  (T).  -inj,  nn5  nnj;  onnj-  t:o-i  nnj ; 

onD  npri'  'npyi  i:y_t2-  D'*or?2  (  53, 10  ). 
p'pnn  ii;3  i)ut  n^2  (form,  i),  :r|-ip:},   ni^n, 

Di;^D,  D:D-|yD-  "l.rb'        (51,8^   ),    ^pii-}  -^^p  a. 

D^S:in  i>*ir  (torin.  1),   i-i;,*tr-  nn;;^,  ni;^^^^ 

5  (S). -inN't   (G-;   20,5);    niiiK,  oniiN; 

(note  the  play  of  the  tone  !).  H/^nn,   Dn^H  HDH^ 

rjn^n:3t  (51,  i6^)  ;nT^nn,  '^yl  m^n^-  ^nd, 
r\'M<'2  (53,15=);  nnNO,  "iDH  nnKD  a.  nnND 

12.  -iin!j;  DmniDt    (iv),     non   n"iri::}  + 
(44,2),  mnrit. 

15  b.    D>n^m  (16=). 
r 

IT.  nnN,  ^:}nN*.  irjnN;  D^nnN,  r]m  ^!}niV, 

-:  I        '     -  I  'av 

'nnN-  n-ipD,  ni;^D  a.  nn;^Dt    (27,  r) ;  nn^n-    2, 


XLIV.     NOUNS  THIED  GUTTURAL.  55 

19  (2Y).  ii:3(iS    (47, 4=),   in^jn  nnnS  (54, 

T|v  .  •-: 

18);    mnn?,  c'N  mnn^-  i:^n3-  jjnn  (lo,  is); 

TV  T  T 

20.  ci^nn  (2');    D^:rnnn. 
5        21.  pnn^;  D^pnn^'D^pnip)  (1'),  -^pnnn 

24.  nnNDn,  n"iN£3n.  nnK^n,  ^Nnii'^nnKDn, 

rt 

25.  nS;^")n-  ii^s.  pi;;    ( 4 ) ;  D»i"n>*,  ^i-n;; 

10  on:- 

29.  Dim  (1^) ;  p-in  (9^). 
45.  p::;;-!,  Dyn2  pn^i- 

XLIV.  NOUNS  THIRD  GUTTURAL. 

1.  nnr,  nnj,  ^nnr,  ^i^ni  k  not  ^,  with  gutts.), 

2.  nvo,  ^nvn,  ^n>o-  nn^jt^. 

3.  n::Ji,  n"iNs  "qmN ;  n^niN,  o^pnif  mn^K, 

4(7).  prib'.  irnN  x^"i;i:j-  pSv,  ^Skm  pSi* 
20  (form.  2),  p::/;:n  rSv  i^^''"''- 1)'  ^^^^=  mp^i^, 


56  XLIV.     NOUNS    THIRD  GUITURAL. 

5-  >*ib'.  n*2t'  (paiah  furtive  to   facilitate  the 
pronunciation  of  gutts.  after //^/fri7§-<?//^^«j  vowels). ^3 J2' 

'         T,  •    ••  •   T|T 

6(9).  n^ji,  -in::*-  nnb;i    (5,  iii\    nnnc'-      s 

12.  ri:::r';  D*;^x^t  (55,  is^),  nu^:nc^t,  rn;^:3:r 

IT  |T 

13.  niSiS;;  d'hSk-ii  15  b.  D'nS:r'- 

n.  '^_rp,  ^^P  in^^cr.  10 

10  b  (18. 22).  nnS:}-  n;n-:;  (5),  inpnv-  hdd; 

20.  nip  (11'). 

21.  non^,  TO:3Qt  (55, 11'),  nnpn^D  (55,10; 
D^nDDt:-  f]^'nDDD-  nnstrb.  n j  nnD:^\^,  \nnD::'D ;    1 5 

22.  nniDD-  nsr*:.  nnnron  (54,  u'),   nnro 
D^J3N,  ^nnro,  ^HDrrj,  ^nnro ;  mn^rD- 

30.  rmm-  ' 

35.  ;^51J<   a.'  P3VN*    (52,  1').     nnTNv  mrNO    20 


XLV.  VERBS  FIRST  GUTTURAL.  57 

38.  nn5N;. 

44.  jnh'^,  ^Son  ]r\b:i^,  r\:nh'^i  m:nS:r, 

2.     VERBS. 
5  XLV.     YERBS  FIRST  GUTTURAL. 

A.     THE  SIMPLE   STEM.  MIDDLE    A     VERBS. 

PERF.  ^f2^   IMPF.  nbj^*     I^P-  "TOI^ 

-:|-  -: 

lo  Dmoj^  rsT.  csTR.  no^ 

INF.  ABS.    TiQ^  PART.     act.     ";>2|^    pass.     l*lD^ 

NOTES.  1.  Dnn^i^,  Dn:3:^'n,  onnDn,  Dn"iD{< 

(55,140.  — 2'.    nor  (32,21;    53,12);  nOH^ ;  ^£)^^ 

Dnn*  but  iD")n\  nin^ ;  "idn\  ^:i"iN*n  but  *i;nj<». 

15  —2'.   nop^^,  c^DHf^,  ^3^^^,  cjonn  (33,4;  53,12). 

n^^HN  but  nniNt— 2^  rji^^n^    (52,7  at.)  a. 

V  -r 

»y^::^n*    (note    fl   [a]    for    orig.    u[32,21];  37,7^. 
-\- 

l^2\^n' \  ^y^\ln  a.  r\2^r\,  n!jrn(53,i6^=).— 
3.   no^;  njn,  •jdh;   "idn  (Hjis).  n^rr-- 


58  XLV.  VERBS  FIRST  GUTTURAL. 

4.  nr_^S,  njinS,  "jiDnS ;  idnS  a.  ^dnS  (5Y,i9). 
nSnnS    ( 23,9 ),   ni.T  nSon:!  (  u,  v  ), 

DnD-'riN*  D\iSk  nnSnttD    (nom.    form.    22). 
B.    MIDDLE  I    VERBS. 
1-     I'v'in    (12,8;    in     a  //^///i/    following  the      S 

pausal  accent).— "iK     1D^;?*1     (36,12);   pr^  llfiDn* 
<    -,  -  i<   .. 

but  iv£)nv  pvsn^  iDiN^  but  njnnNn— 2'. 
nS'inNt.— 2'.  -I'lnn— 3.  y^^^  prn-  iSnn. 
—  4.   Sniip-  ini;,':Dn,   inprra- —  5.  riS-ion; 

D^i3jn.  nS-*£3Jn    (nom.  form.    5).  lo 

c.     THE  INTENSIVE   STEM. 

Note  Dnt:^;^Dn  (49,ir);   D^DlKOn  (0  foru 
• :   -  T 

[ill  sharpened  syllable]  due    to    the   influence    of 

the  gutt.). 

D.    THE  CAUSATIVE  STEM.  15 

ACTIVE. 

PEEF.    'D^snn  iMPF.      D^3n^  imp.       o^nn 

etc.  etc.  etc. 

INF.  ABS.  DDnn   INF.  CSTR.  0*311)1   PART.  0*311^     2o 

nD;?n  nvjpn  n*o;^o 


XLV.     VERBS  FIRST  GUITURAL.  59 

'  58,6'.     40,18  f.;  57  16'. 

Note   ^nonnn  but    '-.^"inm    (58,6\  to, 

<v: IV  <  r 

i:3nprnni  {u,2;ss,i6).  n:i^i^n  (43,2r). 

PA'^SIVE. 

Note  TTiDrrn  (58,12-),  Snnn  (4i,7);  n::^nn 

5  I-      T  ••  '^t:|t 

(41,2),  nr2y\  D'^^^  mnn,  "i,^ro,  mnin,*:- 

E.    THE  REFLEXIVE  STEMS. 

THE   T   KEFLEX. 

Note  oSprin-SN  (42,15);  jiSc'-D^rnu^o, 

—  A  •  ■ 

21). 

jQ  THE     N    REFLEX. 

PEEF.  Dnm(58,n'),  in::^m,  nnjip,  n:)£)nji(cf. 

2),   ^nnti^m   and   pi^  (58,i8'),  njQN> 

iIqSnj,  jidSnji,  ^-idSnj. 

iMPF.  pSn^_  (56,13),  :l-)^^  :r■J;;^flDN^  pnyn*. 

15         niKpSnM44,2),  ^S-Dsrnn^   (9').   f]DiVU 

ny^nit.  njDNn  (3^;58,i2'). 

IMP.    ii^':5nn,  iSnnrn,  noNn. 
I-  I 

INF.    ABS.      Dinnj,  "IIDHJ- 
-      I      -:r 

INF.  csTR.  Drsnnn  (kms),  -ir;^n7.  n^p^pn  ^o^n- 
20  PART.      :itrm,  m^i^j,  nDsn^ ,  [dnj,  nn  |DNJ» 


60  XL VI.    VERBS  MIDDLE  GUTTURAL. 

n^jQNO-  Note  nnnr;  a.  p;?j,  noS;^i  D^nSi^jt 

(a  preserved  in  its  purity). 

F.  WITH  SUFIXES. 

♦jnrp.isT,  12)  etc.;»j^trf7\  orirjL^n  etc.,  p:};^^, 
im"i:}r '  ^^?I^^  5  '^^£)'^(1^  D£)^n\  ins'in^ ;  ^innoN^i 

t:    V         t:  :  :  <      r 

(58,6'),  innoNni ;  ^Jjnn ;  T]-)!});.  ^t^Vj.  '^T\rh^ 

r       '        r 
XLVI.  VERBS  MIDDLE  GUTTURAL. 
A.  THE  SIMPLE  STEM. 

PEKF.     toniJ^      iMPF.  'ioHLJ^*         IMP.  'ton:^ 


INF.  ABS.  tOintJ' 


INF.  CSTR.    ^"^XW 

PART.  'Dn:r;  DintJ'. 


'  4^  ''a  (and  a,  when  not  under  the  stress 
of  the  accent)  for  orig.  u  with  gutts.  ;cf.  57,17.  Note 
that  the  formal  distinction  of  middle  a  and  middle  i 
verbs  is  thus  obliterated  in  the  impf.  '  first  a  by  as- 
similation to  a  ;  cf.  40,8'.  "  the  nom.  form  preserves 
the  orig.  vowel. »  the  gutt.  has  no  influence  upon  a 
following  1. 


IS 


XL VI.  VERBS  MIDDLE   GUTTURAL.  61 

Note  nnnn,  nno.  mriDi ;  rnSn,  mr) ; 

SnX  hSn::^,  'P;^V1t  (note  ^  with  s ;  cf.    34,80- 
B.     THE     INTENSIVE     STEM. 


5 

*nn'4^'n 

T  -    • 

T  :  ••  -  : 

T  :  ••  - 

Vr^ 

n:^?: 

••T 

T-:|- 
T  :  — 

T  :  ••  T  : 

•  -:|T 
T  :  "T 

lo  iNFF.  nn:^';  r]n3.  part,  nmtp;  r]n:3p, 

NOTES,     i.   DHI^  "in?2  (note    a    <z//<?r  jl    and 

n;cf.  60,21),  "ir^i   (55,11');      fm     r]np     (     the 

gutts.   admit  of  being   doubled   according   to    the 

fllg.     scale:  +  H,  M,   };,    N*    [,")]-)•— 2.     DHT, 

15  nn^^  "ip;i^  :  fJ^OV  rinn'   (note    e,    not    a!).— 3. 

T  <  I  I       •  T  I      <  T  < 

PN  tl")DD  (11,15';  this  moTeG  also  termed  rnDVil 
'v<T     I|"<t:  tt-:|- 

c/ieck,     viz.      against      shortening       a     long       or 
produced  vowel).— 4.  nntDOH,  D^^rf^O,  D^"nirb(1. 

2o  t^-itoS  nni^'o,  nnn^D. 


63  XLVI.  VERBS  MIDDLE  GUTTURAL. 

PASSIVE. 

PERF.  mn,  nvm.  nvnn-  riih,  nD"ii  etc. 
iMPF.  yni''  etc.  yiy  etc. 
INF.  csTR.  yni-  T|"ii, 

PART,  ymtp-  rpht2-  s 

Note  mn ;  ninbo,  inp'i,  nNhan,  n^-ibD 

mn^    (61,13  f.;  56,5=). 

c.  THE  CAUSATIVE  STEM. 

Note  Dnntrn  (43,21');  c^^^Nn^^pj,  ntim'hti 
(61,15),  nn*j*m;  imp.  nnnn,  pmn  (14, i»).  10 

D.  THE    REFLEXIVE  STEMS. 

THE   T   REFLEX. 

PERF.  ^nsn.i        iMPF.  r|nnn^       imp.  Tjn^nn 
nD"i3nn  ^:Di3nn  ^D-i^nn 

-:iT  -:|T  -:|T 

nD-i|nn  n::jn|nn        rTj:Dn|nn    is 

iNFF.    'q"i3nn       part.  T|n3n^ 

Notes.  1.  i:rn3nMJ"inDn  (42,21) ;  w^:in\ 
nNiDnMp-i£)nn  (6  f.)- —  2.  nnm  (55,r).-3. 
fN^n,  ^w,    D;^i}nni  (44,10.-4.    nnmn 

(verb  first  and  middle  gutts.).  20 


XLVII.    VERBS  THIRD  GUTTURAL.  63 

THE  N  REFLEX. 

PERF.       on&j^j  iMPF.       cDntt^*  IMP.   DH^n 
nton:rj  nj^ri^n       mont^^n 

INF.  ABS.      Dinti^J    INF.  CSTR.    DPltJ^n 

s   PART.        tontj^j 

Note^rip^j,  iji;^srj  (62,9^);  [>nSnv  onSnt; 

E.     WITH  SUFFIXES. 

'>^1VD^    (49,5=),  ^S^^ti^V  ^JiSnJJ^^;  *Jjna     ^JUHD; 
lo  nn^.  'n7j<^7,DDDN/;2(with  vowels  unaffected  by  the 

gutt.)  and  r]iy)s%  ^pp_  (cf.  60,190- —  ^jnna 

innp:iV  ^nnt:^  (with  preserved  i)  but   "|0n"|   a. 

(60,  2),     ^hny),  !r]Dnpn  ^:jnn:r*  (piurai  end. 

15  wM  nimation;  cf.  32,  3');    DDnHi^S.   DDti^"l5!31 1 ; 

T 

XLYII.   VERBS  THIRD  GUTTURAL. 
A.     WITHOUT   SUFFIXES. 

20    PERF. 

n7LJ^'  ri^t:^  rt?^  nnm  mm  n^r^m  nbm 


64  XLVII.     VERBS    THIRD    GUTTURAL. 

nSir'  rh^  rb^         rh\:*r\  riin^n  rhm 

rtX  -A"  rtT  AT  <ST  AT 

nnStr'    etc. 

T  :  IT 

nrhd    etc. 

T    :  -T 

rsrh^    (2  p.  fem.  s.)   nnW  etc. 


T 

IMPF. 


rhiy''  rh^'>  riw^  nhiy''  nS:r>  vhm''  rh^^' 

-:•        —  :        -;:-•:-       -:t :•       -t 

n7C'>  n'^iT^  n'?!^^  nStj*^  n'?ntr»  n7ij^» 

AT  ~rt"  AT  AT  AT  "A" 

juss.  nStr'^ 


IMP. 

AT  ~A"  A-  rtT  ~A-* 

njnSti^'  etc. 

T  :  -  : 

INF.     CSTR. 

ri^jT'  n'^ij^'  [h'pj:^']  n^^Lrn  [n^crn]  rbmr\  tht^n 

-     :        --         -;      -•:-         -:t       —  :•       -t* 

-A"  -A"  -A" 

INF.    ABS. 


'( I   20 

-  ••  t  • 


XLVIL    VERBS  THIRD  GUTTURAL.  65 

PAET. 

nStr'  vhm  \i?m  n*^::^"o  nh'^D  n^n'^f2  rh-^a 

:        t:    :    -     •:    -      t  :    t      ••  -  :    •        -j-  :    • 

-  T 

NOTES.     1.     nn3     (31,9;32,7),     IH^n    (37,33), 
5      U*3:r'J  (43,3'),  P0^>^(36,13=),  p^pC^T  (ibyi6^;37,7=), 

nrW  (36,17^),  in,^n   (ib.  is^','  r'^^^  (39;5--); 

TAT  :  AT  :  AT  •  : 

nv^nn)    (62,i80;  n'?::'  (39,5'),  ^^ooh  (41,4'), 

AT-  AT  :        ^  AT    :  T 

^Pjp^n^  (62,18^)— 2.  "nSv'1.    nSyn  (62,103); 

i^/Dti'    (the  gutt.  lias  an  intluence    upon  a  preceding 

10    i,    which   is  turned  into   the   homogeneous    a;  of. 

37,   2=;61,  11).   rS^^  (orig.  gabuha),  yi^'0   (37,2^, 

~  T  A**  T 

^n5^  nrisN,   npijn,    n,!Db',   n^^r,  n'?:i^S, 

A  '       A  A 

n^:rS.  ;^nntrnn--3.   dvx*  nb^:)   (cf.  6o,20') 
15  but  ^n5^'  nns^  (cf.  ib.  icio.  ij^hn   v^yz  a. 

AT  ..-'■- 

PDVN  nWt(nom.form.7).j;pb'(cf.60,15=),  ^"|5  PpH 

but  D^n  P4"i  a.  ^^^'i^r^  x^pnt.  nsr^,  jt^jinj:'^, 

T    ;  A  T  - 

4.  nins  (nhD),  niStio ;  r"i?  =  p3C'\\n ;  nSon 

-      T  -       :    •        -'.T         —    :  -|T        -  ••  :  T 

20  (of. 56, If.). 

B.     WITH  SUFFIXES. 

"^vy^  ( 60,4' ),  ^ij;^pp  ( 31,18  )\^'^mp\  'yrhvn 


66    INCOMPLETELY  DEVELOPED  TRILITERALS. 

(63,9'),  ^^L^w,  ^r\^hy•'  »jnW,  *:'i;^Qtr'; 
»;^D:rD,  ^rn2'2,  ^n^r^S,  r\nh^  but  ^^pn  a. 
")r-3£):j  (cf.  '^4,iG  )pnSLr'-  ^nSir,  ^nS:^-  -^n'^sr, 

^jn'pit^;  ^n"7:i^\  Tjn^^^o,  T]n'?:i'o.  -  r|^».o:rn,    5 
?|j;)ji'-i>,  ^:;^>n:r'n,  ^jj;;n*Lrn- 

C.     A^^RBS  FIRST  AND  THIRD  GUTTS. 

—     ••  vl  1^  T|  T  T  T 

C.  INCOMPLETELY  DEVELOPED  lo 

TRILITERALS. 

1.     NOUNS. 

XLYIII.     A.    NON-GUTTURAL  NOUNS. 

1.  kap'pu(ii)  (the  billteral  root  [Iq)]  artificially 
raised  to  a  trilitcral  l)y  the  shai-pening  oii\\Q  second 
radical)=kap'  (with  the  loss  of  the  case  ending,  the 
sharpening  of   the  second  rad.   is  given  up)  f|3,   ft^. 

nsnt.  D^  (ef.  62,17-^),  nSon-D^  (ii,i5')a.  ciid-d^ 

T  T  IT  '  - 

HD*  (56,17";    with  the    return  of  the  case  ending, 

T<T 

the  doubling  is  expressed,   daGCs  forte  for   increase  of 

volume).  ^53,  n£33,  hd:)-  0^5:3,  "i^rjn  ^sn,  ^dd, 

•  -  I  ;  -  1^ 


15 


15 


20 


XLVIII.    NOUNS.  67 

Dyii2,  miDD,  vniD:).  r\p,  *n5 ;  o'hd-  nj_ji,  nj^ 

?i:iN,  in::i ;  mj^  nno,  'd»  hid  ;  niio.  Note 
...      _        _       .     .J. 

tDtDI    {completely    developed  form).— ^^^  13,    1^^, 

naS,  !r|-iDS,  r|iaS.  qoD  nnS,  ni^nn  nn'^o- 

2.  iib'bu=ieB'  :jS,  ^^"2  nS'  £J^^^*■lS,  *^S; 
ninS,  DmnS-  d;j:j^,  D^p^n  ^jtj'.  n^n.  nun 

3.     rub-bu=roB'  n'l,   ^'^\:>n    T\'2.    h'TVI'^Z- 

•  A  -AT 

niS  but  VHN  niS  (  12,8  ),     DD:J"I0     (note    u, 

T  TV  : 

not  o,   because   in  sharpened   syllable,    cf.    39,5  ); 

\iiin  ^D").  nSi  Dnr  nSji-  Note  S:).  opn  Sd, 

•     T      I 

Dpn-S^D,     rjS^t    a.     ^So,    hSd     (  =  kullahu, 
remnant  of  the    older     spelling    and    pronunciaiion). 

4(V).    SS;r'  (  3'  ),  -i>j;n  SS:r,   didSSjt- 

nh'Sp.    D\l7N  nSSp  («,    not    e,     between    two 
identical  consonants).    3^7,     itD^   ^^7 ;  ni^^7-— 

-115,   -n^S-    "inin   SSj:j,   ^SSji3,   r]SS:ia, 

D^77Jl^-ll     4.    b.     ^J17JI     (an   intensive     form,      by 
reduplication),    V'?jS;i-ll    <    b.    ^JlS*I. 


68      INCOMPLETELY   DEVELOPED  TRILITERALS. 
5.  (zik'ku^)  zak'ku  (cf.43,19')=zaK'  Tj?  ;  D^'pp- 

8.  nny 

9.  rJS  a.  rbS-iio  b,  np-ip  (6Y,2o),  !r]n|:ip 

(34,8' ).  nSjiSji,  inSjS:i;  DnS:iS:iS.ii  lo.  fm    s 

11-  h'hi  bnjn  h'hy,  pyn  nM^-- 
n^^D,  D^no^-  n^nt2n  nin^no ;  nS  n^::D' 
nip  \y^t2h  d^ddd-  ^nn^no.  irnn^:iD- 

15.   -ini  "    '° 

IT.   -ntj^".     npp^t.     nnno,    rmo  ; 

I 

21.  ma'sakku  =  masaK'    T]D^.    PTriiDil  T|D*D- 
ma'saqqu  —  massaq'      {compensative      doubling     of    '5 
the    7?/'^/    rad.,    where    that     of     the    second    is 

given  up)    D^D^p^'O-   200  (cf.    26,4^^).  »£)]-SS2D- 

T-    : 

22.  ma'ginnu  =  maGen'    fj^,    ^1?;^  fJO,    ^JJfO 

( 56, r );  Do:io,  m::i^^  nSpp,  on::''^  rr^Do";  20 
mSoon. 

23.  ma"uzzu=:ma'oz'   i'^n^    (hj/D),    ^-^riTl^'n, 
•  :  IT          '  T      1  rt         : 


XLVIII.     NOUNS.  69 

25.     tapil'latu=tmlla'  r]^^r\,  D'pn^  ph^n- 
30.     Ompp  (49,18f.). 

B.     WITH  GUTTURALS. 

1.   or-  D^v  Dpn,  inn  a.  :in,it.  nnn  (66, 

-  AT  T  T  T  T<V 

5     19;62,18=).  D^Oj;  a.  D^ODX^,     pN*n    ^D^^-    D^HD 

(62,171).   nnnn  (ib.  ir),  ^Nncr^nrr,  vin. 

Diin  (51,10-    pKH-D;^,  ^a;;  a.  n/^;^,   ?]Dr 
^-tDl/H'  ^'t^pt,  1^;;;  n^;^-  ii^;^t,  DD^pt,  on^pt 

,o    a.  DO;^- 

3.   ph  oSip-pn.  'pn,  r]pn  a.  DDpm  ( 56, 

12')-      npn  but  Njnt   (note    as  an  orthographic  pe- 
culiarity X  for  the  usual  n)- 

,5        7.  nnn-  ii  9.  jin,  :inS  (67,io').ii  lo. -niN- 
12.  nnnN-  12b.  D>;^i:i^*:r'  (68,40. 
14.  S^Sn-   II  15.    nrr.'    Si^N- 
17.  omv-  II  21.  -|V5-  D^SSr'^-  ii  22.  mKD. 
25.  nSnn-  11  29.  p:n ;  nry. 

20       34.  DUi:nn>  D^S^iS^^n- 


70    INCOMPLETELY  DEVELOPED  TRILITERALS. 

2.     VERBS. 

XLIX.     VERBS  NON-GUTTURAL. 

A.     THE  SIMPLE  STEM. 

MIDDLE  A  VERBS. 


TERF. 


'^!DD    iMPF.  ya'subb(u)=    imp.      ^D 


T-:|T 

yasoB'i          ^0» 

T 

sab'bata  = 

•  <  T 

♦3b 

•  < 

sabba'Ta  = 

tasub'buna'  = 

sabbo'Ta'       il^D 

T  <  ~ 

tasub'bina'   = 

INF.  ABS.         '2'i2D 

td'subbe'na* 

T 

INF.  CSTR.     20 

PART.  >:jiD;  '2*1^0. 

T 

MIDDLE    I    VERBS. 

PERF.       (qil'la=) 

IMPF.  yi'qallu= 

qal'Ia  =  qal'' 

yeqal'* 

V'. 

''P- 

'%n 

qal'lat  = 

'n:i'ypn 

qal'Ia^     H'^'p 

t'<~ 

INF.    CSTR. 

"^% 

ri"?:^ 

15 


20 


XLIX.     VERBS  NON-GUTTURAL.  71 

'cf.  67,16';  note  the  principle  of  differentiation  . 
^!3D:  Sp  (cf.  explanatory  note  7)  =  StOp  :  n!33- 
"cf.  67,l7f.  'cf  Z\,\\\\A\Q,  final  vowel  of  the  stem  re- 
tained (cf  44,  I9f),  in  order  to  prevent  the  doubl- 
5  ing  of  the  second  rad.  from  being  given  up  (cf  expl. 
note  4);  it  is  retained  under  the  stress  of  the  accent 
which  it  receives,  and  irregjilarly  produced  to  a  (cf 
40,7f)  =  6  (35,  16).  'cf  66,  16f  'cf  ib.  19f  "cf 
33,7;  cf  expl.  note  8;  u=i  (48,10  f  )=  h  (cf.  expl. 
lo  note  8  ;  69,4«).  In  riJ*7pn  unaccented  a^i  (cf 
67,1=).  'cf.  68,  1  ;  expl.  note  4.  'nom.  form.  7., 
cf.   37,6'. 

NOTES.  1.  r\T\\  nDDi— 2.  ijDn,  ij^n;  1D?^ 

<  <  :<-  rt  :|T 

(17^J,   nVn  {hiliteral  formations  with  no  attempt 
t:|T  •:|- 

ic    it  an  artificial  increase  of  volume'). —  8.   Ci^  (  =  yi'- 

dumniu  =  yiddom',  cf  68,15f),    DI^J,    YOT  ;    S*l\ 

rT:iSi^n-  —  4.    !}D^1  (wayya'soB,  cf  62,  19^),   D^^lt; 
:  -  •  T<T  :<T 

B.    THE  INTENSIVE  STEM. 
2Q  a.       sa'baba  =sa'biba  =  sobcb'  (  8  )      ^^1D  5 


73    INCOMPLETELY     DEVELOPED    TRILITERALS. 

D^lD*   etc.  sab'iba=sa'baba=s6BaB'   DDlD.   DDlD^ 
etc. 

(cf.  the  Arabic   qatala— the    desiderative  stem.) 

b.     n^p-  lip: 

NOTES.   2.    ilip,  rr:j^'^'i3,  n:rtrjj,  n::nj,  s 
D'pj^Snn-  ppt^-  o'^ppro^-i'  ^ci^'^pi'    nLrc^p;^. 
nSSi:io— 3.  Sp_Sp,  fiVP^Nv  "15")^^  (69,  le^). 

c.     THE   CAUSATIVE   STEM. 

ACTIVE. 

PERF.  ha'sabba=   impf.  yaha'sibbu  imp.  ^DH     ^° 

ha'sibba  =  hi'-       z=ya'sibb(u)  — 
sibb(a)  =  he-       yaseB''      ^D> 

see"      ::pn  ^''^pn  *;jpn 

'ni:3Dn  inf.  cstr.  ion  "'      ^5 

T   <  •  -:  ••  T 

INF.  ABS.      DDH   PART,    maha'sib- 

bu(n)=ma'sib- 
bu  =  mi'sibbu 
=meseB''^D^ 

PASSIVE.  20 

PERF.  hu'sabba  impf.  yahii'sab- 
=hu'sabb  (  a )  b(u)  =:yusaB'' 
=husaB''  lipV 


XLIX.    VERBS  NON-GUTTURAL.  73 

T<-  T<V  - 

•ni^Din  INF.  csTR.oDin 

T     <  -     I 

PART.  OD10 

T 

'71,8*.    Hh.'     =ib.3'    -cf.     68, IT*     «u    irregularly 
5    produced  to   ti;    cf.   71.7. 

NOTES.   1.   Sf^n,  ^'^T}.  nSnn  (7i,i4f.).— 
2.   pnn   (ibn^).  pmt  (63,15=).  :3D^i,    insn 

{^\,\ht).'\'Z^^>,   {mixed  ioxx^).     —3.     p^nri,  1J^J")<1; 
DDC^n,     D^^IJ^O     (71,3=).— 4.     O^n    (   7^j6^   ), 

lo  ^T\y    (  8i  ).  rii::Dio. 

<—  ; 

D.   THE    REFLEXIVE  STEMS. 

THE    T    REFLEX. 
Note     DQlnti^'*   (    B   a  ),  DDIti^n  (t  assimilated 

to  §;  cf.62,170;   ^nS'?£)nn  (  B  b ),  iSSsm 
15  DDnn  (63,6^).  iS:iSiin  (72,7o. 

THE    N    REFLEX. 

PERF.     na'sabba  impf.   (yahin'sib-  imp. 

ba=iiasaB''  bu=  )    yahin' 

2D-D      sabb(u)— yis- 

20 

PART. 


saB'*          ^D* 

ion 

'ninpj 

•^3Dri 

♦5Dn 

TT 

T<V-  • 

T  <v  -  • 

74    INCOMPLETELY  DEVELOPED  TPJLITERALS. 
^73,4'.     =ib.'    =ib.'     '71, ir. 
NOTES.    1.    ?|3DJV   r!!3D^1    (73,9=).— 2.     n^^t. 

<  T  :|T  I-  • 

njp^n-  :3!}'?^  (ib.'o.  —  3.  jjii  crrnnt  {original 

vowel  [i]  reintroduced).   D*J^  D^.DM  t  (formation  by 

AT 

analogy).—^.  n'^j-^J,    D^pOl  m^C^'J- 

E.     WITH  SUFFIXES.  5 

f\'2';^_  (i=;67,i3f.),  ^>npn,  ^JDD,  ^j::nD;  ^i3p^. 
(70,10),   n^-^c^  Dirn^;  mSD;"vjn.-i,ijDniD^ 

'  T  T  T  T  ; 

ll'Snn    (72,15);    *j:nDn  (ib.  14). 
<T  •  -:  •<••  • : 

L.  INCOMPLETELY  DEVELOPED  TRILITERAL     '° 
VERBS  WITH  GUTTURALS. 

A.     FIRST   GUTTURAL. 

i".   ijn;on ;  nnn  (o,  not  ai),  ^^nn,  •)j:in^ 
(C9,ir),   DD.nn;  npn,  ^j:iti;  ;inS,  D^tDnS,  im^- 

— 1^.  rvT'^v^  ^^V '  D^^  onn  a.  D^^  i^n^;  ?n^    15 
a.  pn^;  Di^j^nS  (71, ir),   njjnSt   (53,9').— 2. 

ijjnnn-— 3-  rr\VT\^  m'^nn   (69,50;  '7nn''but 

7n*      (19')      (note  ^'//ftvr /<;//(? //^// of  form  for  the  pnr- 


L.    VERBS  WITH  GUTTURALS.  75 

pose   of  keeping   distinct   various    meanifigs)'^  D^Piin. 

(<59,6-),    Vn.v,  Snn  a.  Snn  ^nS;jSt  (T4,3^),  i^nn. 

B.     SECOND  GUTTURAL. 
T  -  -:|-  :    -|-  :  ^    t:|T 

;^"^^  pi-^i,  i^n£3';  ptrn,  nnsn;  ^nnS,  ):'^r\y^ 

-A"  -<  "A-  ••  ~  A 

"i^^in  pin;  pn^-  v^p^   nnyp,  c^pnp- —  4. 
^nn,!Dn,onn,  inDn^nn,  n,!2nonn,  n^Dn^nn:', 

A  ^  ^" 

T'  T|-' 

J-  NOTE.    As   in  the  verb  7^3  (44, 9f.)   the  first, 

second  and  third  radicals  are  the  letters  £),  |^  a.  7, 
the  Jewish  grammarians  call  the  first  radical  of  a 
verb  its  £),  the  second  its  ^  a.  the  third  its  7.  In- 
completely developed  triliterals  are  thus  marked 
2c  p"p  {i.  e.  roots  the  ^  of  which  is  twice  represented. 
e.  g.  y^Di  ^  completely  developed  form). 


76  LI.    LIQUID    NOUNS. 

D.    LiaUID    ROOTS. 

LI.     1.     NOUN  S. 

1-3.   nnp  a.  -inj,  ni: ;  "in  j;  n3y«n,  n:ij 
(Nyn  nn:S,  did^.  nDri;?,  in^j—  'aii'pu(n)  = 

'ap'pu(n)  (48,5';  note  that  tlie  liquid,  at  th(3 
stage  of  its  assimilation,  /lad  lost  the  vozvet  fol- 
lowing //)^'ap  (  U,l'  )  f]N»,  f]{s»,  ^£DN  (  ib\  ), 
^£3N*,  ^£)N.  D^DN,  IH  ^iDN.  ^^D^y-  'in'zu='iz'zu 
=  'ez'  71^;   D>|^.    [Note    sid'su=sis'ssu   (73,13')  - 

T     •  "TV  •• 

4—20.    -inj;    !n"i>    nnfj;     "i^J;    D^Dim ; 

TT         1  :|T        -  :  T"  •      |- 

'lO     c.      lia'n(a)sal(atu[n]),  zz:lian'salatu=hassa- 

la'  nSvn,  Dn»J3  m-in. 

TT-  •.•••:  T 

21.     ma'n(a)ta'u(n)=zman'ta''u— matta"    po^, 

")"!>  nJnfO-  nian'tantu(n)=:mat'tattu  — mattai'  nnO 
n^    D^;2I^JD>  n^I^^^'    ('^ote    that   the    ^z///.   im- 
mediately   following  upon  the    liquid,  prevents    the    20 
assimilation  of   the  latter). 


15 


LII.  LIQUID  VERBS.  77 

22.   ni3:io,    D)Dn  na^ip-    nn^p  nSsD; 
'  30.   mi^D-  mpSn-  ii  31.   maqtii  Dnj^iiJD. 

,         I  -  TT  1:  - 

32.   p^3o,  ^ix^jo- 1!  34.  D'onjn,  momn- 

2.     VERBS. 
LII.    VERBS    NON-GUTTURAL. 

PERF.                       ha'n(a)ga-  hu'n(n)gi-  na'n(a)ga- 

sa  =  hin'-  sa  =:hua'-  sa  =  nin'- 

gis  (a)  z=  gas  (a)  =  gas  (a)  = 

higgis''  huggas'*  niggas'' 


-T 

•  • 

IMPF. 

ya'n(u)- 

ya'n(a)- 

pulu  = 

gasa  = 

15       yin'pu- 

yin'ga- 

l(u)    = 

s(a)    = 

yippol' " 

yiggas'» 

SiJ! 

m\ 

tr>Jl 

mp.    hb^ 

^tr'^ 

mn 

20 

-'*     [Wiin] 

••T  • 


''^  LII.     LIQUID  VERBS. 


INF.   CSTR. 

gast* 

hh) 

^^fl. 

cr^jn 

^■jn 

INF.  ABS. 

• 

PART. 

T 

mn 

^/?n 

T  .  T  ■ 

•TG,  20. "03,0'.'  at  the  begi7ining  of  certain  forms, 
the  liquid  and  the  unaccented  [reduced]  vowel  follow- 
ing upon  it,  are  etitirely  dropped.  Note  the  principle 
of  differentiation  (JJ^'JI  but  *7£)J).  'cf.  the  preceding  lo 
and  note  that  the  biliteral form  is  artificially  raised  to 
a  triliteral  one,  by  assuming  the  fem.  end.;  cf.  27,3. 

NOTES.     1.  rinJ       C?')       a.     nrtnJ  (note  the 

T<-  T  T<-  T 

peculiar  spelling  whicli  has    in  view  the  compensation 

/■«  wr///«^  of  a  loss   of   a    sound),    *ll"]^'|       (^O- —      ^5 

2.  Si3^.  (Snj),  pSn^n'i^  a.  1TV.  c^'/\;  fn».  (/r^/ 

example  of  an  imp.  act.    in  the  simple  stem  with  the 
characteristic  vowel  i ;  cf.  38,  10;  40,    10;  42,  9';  43, 

nf.).— 3.  nnp:  but  rrrn'}  (cf.  43,  n;t5,2^);  ^y, 
jn,  n,tD:!.'-[n\— 4.  rjj:S";  rwh  but  iS-p^jSt  .d 
(pj^''^);  nn  (=tin'tu=tit'tu=teT',  cf.  '76,8'),  nnS 
TiS,  ^^^t^'^'nN  ?:ot.-  5.  n^D  D^'lSK  inN*  -i3j 


LIII.     LIQUID  VERBS  WITH  GUTTS.  73 

(intens.  act. ;  note  the  similarity  in  form  with  the  N 
reflex.)— .6.  DSn'^N,  tOD^I,   nyn:i^1,   ^T\.  -l^JNI 

(40,  19'),  V^Ni ;    D^n,     Nrtonn,    hld^::.!  - 

D^Dn7:  n^jn  iii;  t:'n::n,  rn:^,  d^c'JD,  n^j^-j*? 

5  HTnn;  mp^L:^o--i>!i,  T^n  "tjh,  trio,  onjo- 

— T.  ^:|:jnK   (^8,4),  'mjnr,  i^£)J^  ^Jjnn  (cf. 

49,11'),     :r]:n^;  injn;  *)S£):  a.  iSiDJ    (66,3') 

inU^Jl)    *nfl- — 8-    ^),'^  {complementary  olWxQ  lost -^Q,x{. 
ofthe  simple  Stem,  cf.    ::'J>),    Dnn:i,  IIIJ:    pjn 

lo  ^S,  tr'D:-^"!,  z^y^y^  fn:riS-  q^:  f]yi  [nj^  [mn'. 

D^C^':i:n-  9.     pDN*  (p7D)   (cf.  71,16'). 

LIII.     GUTTURAL  VERBS. 
A.     MIDDLE  GUTTURAL. 

1.   jnj^_  (76,19  ff.),  Dn:iM;  jinj,    Sr:it; 
=5  Sn:S-  — 2.'  Tnx^jj  but  on:,  onr,  onrv-s. 

Intens.:   Dm,  ^OHJ  ;    JHJ,  n^HJt,   ^jShJ*  ;    njL?J 

-i^^jn;  nnnK^,  "iN*:t,  p^r  a.  [wrt.  Dm.-4. 


80  LIII.     LIQUID    VERBS  WITH    GUTTS, 

62,18'),  Dmn^ ;  nSnjinN ;  n;^jinn -e.  n)hm'> ; 

:]jnjV  DD^mN  ;  DiSmnm  (perf.  ren.  with 
BuflF.  I). 

B.     THIRD  GUTTURAL. 

1.   m^  HT,  ;;to^  nppj  (58,i2');  ^^,  ipo  5 
but  ^};^y,   np^_S  a.  ^:i:^.-2.  p^:in,   np:in; 
y^y,  nr^^N*'  nj;?:in,  pji^i ;  r^^-  ri^Jin,  *r'^p 

1.   nj^S,  nnpS ;  hdv  ^npn,  nnpi^ ;  np, 
nnp.  *np  a.  npS,  »npS ;  nnp^ ;  nph ;  npS ; 

D^npS— 2.     npS,    nnpS    (note   ^  for  a[e-]    after     15 
I;  I     ;  It".|: 

o 

q  [  cf.    68,4';     61,2'  ]    by     assimilation    to    a).— 4. 

np;--5.  nnpSnD-  -  npSj ;  np^K,  npSni ; 
D^4S^^1  p-iN  npSn-^N— 6.  ^jnpv  ^r\'^\  ^rr^'^-, 
iJinp,  Nronp ;  ^nnp ;  inp'^n- 


lO 


LIV,   WEAK    NOUNS.  81 

D.  INCOMPLETELY  DEVELOPED  TRILITERALS 
WITH    LIQUIDS. 

nnnj.;  n^*^^  j^iy,  n'lm ;  nn:,  nnmj-  onij. 

Note    the    fllg.    forms    introduced    by   analogy 
from       the     simple    stem     of    liquid     verbs     into 

the      N      reflex.       of      incompletely        developed 

triliterals :     DO  J     (cf.  middle  i    verbs);  ?|DJ    (cf. 

••T  < 

middle   u    verbs),   part.  DDJ- 

••  T 

Note  the   terms  y'^,    ^"£3    (T5,15  t^.). 

E.    WEAK  ROOTS* 

LIY.     1.     NOUNS. 

1.  ra'(a)s=ras    (12,ll)=r6s     (  71,83  )     t^'|<;l 
(note    that   }<    is    retained    m   spelling)^     Hti^NI  ; 

le  D^C^Nn  (a  preserved,  cf.  52,2'),  D^^il  ^C^N"1-- 
pal''u(n)=:rpe'le  (the  weak  sound  j^  is  lost  in  pro- 
nunciation at  the  end  of  a  word  or  syllable;  cf. 
55,14>   a.  57,15)  K7£),  HnSiD    (at    the    beginning 

of  a  syllable,    J^  resumes  its  consonantal  [guttural] 
20    character,    Tl^SiD  ;    D^nSiJ,  niNSiD- 

2.  NtDH    {second  vowel  entirely  lost,     cf     23, 


8i  LIV.     WEAK   NOUNS. 

1'),  INDH,  DNJOn  ;  D^NOn,  ^D^  ^NDH  (cf.  '76,18  ), 

D:)'NtOn-   riN^n    a.    nnnt    (=lii'mat;     with    the 

:  T  ■  ■ 

suppression   of  J^    at    the  beginning    of  a    syllable 
[ill  the   middle   of  a  word],    which     takes    place 
at    a    later     stage    in    the   development    of    the    5 
language,  the  preceding  closed  syll.    is  opened  antl, 
as  a  consequence,  its  vowel, if  «^<r^///£'^,  is  produced.) 

3.  NOJ.  riNQp    (58,2'),    DD^-lKO'tD. 

4.  K^^,   D^Dti^n  N!}V  (a= accented  a  in  open 

T  T 

syll );  DriiVD^f;  niNOlf,  XTsTV  n"1KnV-  10 

5.  NfOD.  tJ^£)J  NOtO  (cf.  51,  11'  and  note  that 
in  open   syll.    a  does  not  take  the   place  of  i  [ej). 

nkXO'o,  D^n  riNp'o  (cf.  56,  s^). 

8.   n^r;  Dip  'n^r.  hSn^t',  TjnSNir"  a.  yyyd'} 

({«{  following  upon  an  unaccented   [reduced]  vowel,     i^ 

is  readily  suppressed  together  with  the  latter;  note 

that  }<  may  not  be  retained  in  spelling),    DH'^Nti^ 

v:|v 
(si"ilat;  form.  2  ?). 

10.  Nitrj-  II 11.  N^DJ,  DnN^:3J- 

12.  Knp;  D\snp-  20 

13.  DN*ir',  tTDJtON^a  !r]DN|^t  (l^S  81,   14). 


LV.    VERBS  FIRST  «.  83 

15  b.  d^nSq- 

IT.  Nn:3,:]N-Dt(cf.  ee,  e^),  riNVO  (==inasi"t); 
D*i<VO  but   DWp  a.  D\VDnt  (82,21'). 

19  (27).     riNOn,    nNtOn  (  =  hata"at;  81,15), 
5     ^n^i^  riNLDn  (a  long  vowel  shortened  by  false    ana- 
logy^ viz.  by  being  taken   for  a  produced  vowel,  of. 

29, 16^),  ^riNDn,  !r)nNDn;  mNtDn,  oiNn  n.vD-i 

21.     ^DNQ,  nS^NO-    VniTiSnp  (=mara'..., 

j^    cf.   69,2  ;     note     the   position    of       the      acrefitl)    a. 

DD^niCi^NP.P  (=raa'ra...).  yiht2\  WDiht^,  »DnSo 

Wrh^  but  n^K70   (  =mala'...;cf.  82,2=),  flDi^cSo 

23.     nnnn     nnbm    "     (  =  ma"asurt  ;   4^  ). 
I  r     n  73Dt  (the    suppression  of  the  N*    emphasises   the 
fllg.  cons.). 

2T.   Ni:p.  II 30.  D\s:nnD-  ii  34.  D\snSnn. 
45.   ]^i^m. 

2.     VERBS. 
20  LV.     VERBS  FIRST  i^  {^"Q). 

A.     THE  SIMPLE  STEM. 
1.     f]DNU5T,14)  etc.  r|ph  (=ta''asip;  78,17f.,- 


84  LV.    VERBS   FIRST    X. 

81,13;83,14),n£lDN  a.  flD^V   n^N*    (  81,14;  U,l^y 

SiDiNH  (20,5),  nDN*.  nS:)Nn,  n:nniS*nv  nriN*' 

D1^     ':'DN-^T    but   1t2H^\    ^DNI,    n^Kl    (  '79,2^  ); 

-      <  V      <  -     |T  -       |T 

7^N\   7DN1,  IDNH  (orig-   vowel   [i]  reintroduced; 
15,   3=)      but  -lQN\n!::j<,   "IDN^I    (  65,8^  );nDN',     5 

(•x—  (S~  rt~  rt" 

n;3Nn,  p-i^N^n  ( 37,2^).— 2.   f|bN;  nS:DN*  but 

HiDDNt   (74,  16').— 3.    DHN^jn  nijN,     ^nS^S 

:iNio  nttN,  mn*  iono,  r^'in^  "idno,  honS    1° 
(12,12).  -iDKn  -ibNn— 4.    T  rhm   (31, 10); 

T  T         -  :<T 

»S?ri    (36,12  ff.;  10';83,22^). 

B.  THE    INTENSIVE  STEM. 

Note  ^nrnni  =  *jnmit  (83,12=),  inn^Nnt. 

')J£)'pOt    (of.  q^N^).  15 

C.  THE    CAUSATIVE    STEM. 

Note  prN  (cf.  mtini  83,14)  a.   mOkVt 

(Cf.    n^^NnS  ;   ib.  22»). 
-:r 

D.     THE  N  REFLEXIVE. 

Note  -)QN»»,  "^o^»^  17  n,^D^*^  "i^n^-  20 


LVI.  VERBS  THIRD    j{  85 

E.     WITH   SUFFIXES. 
inSpN^  (T9,60;  :]-|DN,  Drn^K,  DD-10N:i:T]iDDN; 

F.     WITH  GUTTURALS. 

5        1.   rhN^  a.   fn^n ;  m^\   nrnK,   rnx'-v 

T        I  V       < 

••,  IT  •.:  IV  A  — .  v: 

v:  -:     I  T         Tv:  -  a-*  -  •.•: 

pDnNP,  DHN   (84,12),  i:}nNnt  (z=ta'i'hab,     cf. 

•    A  (S  ••  — :|-  ; 

38,10),  nnj<i  (84,n^);:inN.  iDHK,  i:3nN*;::hNS, 
-  IT 

lo    n:}nN7     (nom.   form.     1);    ^Hi^;     DIHK-nnN, 

LVI.     VERBS    THIRD   J<    ({^"S). 
A.   THE  SIMPLE    STEM. 

MIDDLE      A      VERBS. 

15    PERF.    ma'sa'(a)  =  impf.    yaiii'su'(u)=:        imp. 


masa" 

T  -IT 

yam'i 

sa'(u)=yimsa''' 

T  :  • 

T  : 

T        <TT 

♦NV^n 

*NVP 

INF.   ABS. 

T 

T    <v : 

2C 

INF. 
PART 

CSTR.         }<Vp 
T 

t6  LVl.  VERBS  THIRD  N. 

'82,9.  -^64,7'.  '71, 9f. 

NoteriNnpi,  ^ny.*:  (82,n);  nNnpi  a.  riNnpi, 

:       t't  T  T    <t'  <t        I 

^INipi;    i;Di^'-N:j|>  pKV'^ri'  pK:3,T  ;  ^JNVDn ; 

MIDDLE  I  VERBS. 

thr2,    hnSd,  livSo,    nxSro  (82,iif.),   ^-iSd- 

B.     THE  INTENSIVE  STEM. 

ACTIVE. 
PERF.         N^Q       IMPF.        kXi^O)       IMP.        tS'VD 

INF.ABS.  ii)if2      INF.  CSTR.  ^s*^;;:^     PART.  N^DD 

Note.   nNS;::i,  ^dnSdi;  orN'^nSi;  NJp 
^-iKJip  a.   N£]-i>  ND"i.  )^hb,   iNjpn,   inSo, 

PASSIVE. 
PERF.  N^D       IMPF.  KVP^       PART.         NV^^ 

T   <••  •.  T  <v  :   : 


15 


LVI.  VERBS  THIRD  «.  87 

»    orig.  vowel  [i]  reintroduced;  cf.  86,14. 
c.     THE  CAUSATIVE   STEM. 

ACTIVE. 

PEER     ^<'yn^  impf.     N*>yp>  imp.     isjvpn 

5  HN^y^n  ^N^i'on         \v^y;2n 

'nN*v^n         njNvm       rrmv^n 

INF.  ABS.    NVpn  INF.CSTR.  {s*^i;":2n     PART.    ii'>)it2*2 

PASSIVE. 

PERF.  NV^n  IMPF.  i^'^y   INF  ABS.   N  V^DH 

T  :  T  T  :  T  •:  T 

lo  HNV^n  \s*V!:n  "cstr.  ^y^n 

T  :    :  T  •    :  :  T  t  :   t 

['TiNvon]         n^Ny^n  part,    kvo?:: 

T    <••  :  T  T  <v    :  T  T  ;  T 

*86,14.n. 

Note  nSdH,  NS£)^  nSiDD:  N^'in  (=  tao^se', 

••     :|- 

not  taDse';  meTCG  /or  euphony    to     avoid  the  com- 

j,  pound  sound  ds). 

D.     THE  REFLEXIVE  STEMS. 

THE  T  REFLEX. 

PERF.     Nvonn  IMPF.     ^•'iryr\\  imp.   ^^v^n^ 
iNFF.     K^;^nn  part.     Ni'ono 


88  LVI,    VERBS  THIRD  «. 

'87, 12'. 

'Note  N'^Dnn  (es,^),    nKS^n^  in:3T  (  t9, 

180,  NVt20^  HNODH  (42,20  ff.). 

T  -  ^         \ 

THE   N   REFLEX. 

PERF.         K^^:  iMPF.  t<v!2*  IMP.  Nvon    5 

T  :  -T-  ••  T  • 

T  :   :  •  •  ••  IT  •  •    :  IT  • 

T     <•  •  :    •  T     <:■  T  •  T    <V  T    • 

INF.    ABS.  J^VQ-3    INF.  CSTR.  NV?^!! 

.    .  ••   T  • 

PART.  N^QJ 

T  :  • 

idue    to    a   tendency   towards    uniformity^  cf.  1.       'o 
Note  Dn^tDJ,    INiJnJl    (  83,  3  ),     ^jlNp:! ; 
1^'_p-^*SrD^   pNSD^   \^)f\y\  HK^D:  (part,  fem.; 
cf.  9;  83,2^),    HN^jDjn;  DW^ojnt  a.  D\s{y^:n. 

E.     WITH    SUFFIXES.  15 

inNnp  (    66,  4>    ),    InSd  (middle  a  verb),  »:nN^:r; 

(63,14")  ;   DDNVbnt    (68,  19^;  83,  2^).   —  tjW^p  ; 


LVII.    VERBS  THIRD  K  89 

LVII.    VERBS  THIRD    J^— CONTINUED. 
A.    VERBS   THIRD  ^♦  AND  FIRST   GUTT. 

2.   n^tsHN  (84,14');   iN^H.  —  3.   MK^^nn : 
5  DN*^::inn,  nshni,    ^2nm- '  N^tonn,   n^dh^i  t, 

T 

N:Dm,  i}<3m,  ^N:Dm.  nN:im  ( eo,  2 ),  Dn:im  ^ 

B.     THIRD   i<   AND  MIDDLE  GUTT. 
10   INHD^  TjNnD    (  66, 2«  ). 

C.     THIRD   {<    AND  FIRST   ^ 

1.  iKtr:i  mM;  cf.   4'    );  K:r\  njKirn 

:  T 

(HJJi^n);  NtJ^>  ^Hli;    (NtrJ,    riDJt);    nN^S    ( si"t, 

cf.83,2'  )  a.     iiti;^f2,  flN*^    (e  resolved    into     ^'  e, 

15    since    the  latter  is  very  often  contracted  into  the 

former;    cf.    82,14)    DNtJ^D  ?   Nt^J-  —2.     NtS^J    a. 
...  T  ... 

T 

—4.  »nN!:in;  Kb^jn*  a.  Ki^:^;  Nt^^jnn  ♦nS:}S; 

2o  n:31  D^NDJt.-4.  '7\m\  !r|jiNirn  (ss,  leo;  \vti^j- 
"•mp-  ^JN^cr'n,  T]N*:i^'^  indj.i^. 


90  LVIII.     NOUNS  FIRST  ){>), 

F.  SEMIVOCALIC  ROOTS. 

a.    ROOTS   FIRST  ){'>)     (^V'f)). 
LVIII.    1.    NOUNS. 
1 — 3.     wald  =  yald    (at    the    beginning    of  a 
word,   an  original  1    [labial  semivowel]   is   turned     5 
into     '>    [palatal     semiv.,    cf.   4,    3])   'iS\  mS*  ; 

nnh^n,  Dn:3j;n  nS^o,  ninSn-  ir\\  inv  ;^t:^;» 
a.  ^^\   ^^*^\  ^ym  (cf.  T6,30.   ny;,  ijnv^ 

D/^:nt,  D^^S^*  KTI,  nin^  *N")^    wasi'nat  =  si'nat 
(at  the  beginning  of  certain  forms  [cf.   IS,    Iff.]   I(^) 
and  the  unaccented  [reduced]  vowel  following  upon     1 5 
it,  are  eu^ire/y  dropped)  ,1J^",  ID^^.I  n^t^,  TS^XV  TS'^V' 

n^jci^.  [wi]di"  ^j;"!.  rrh  (=  [wi]  ii'dat)  a.  nnS 

(=[wi]iidt';  cf  Y8,ioff.);mS-  njt;*!  a.  n^;"!,  ^npn- 

6(9).  n:iv  ntrn^  nn^vp  t:'':}^^-  d^dh  T\m\^ 

10.   Sin^  1  11.  Tn\  .iTH^ 
12.   »Sn  ^^in^i;  D^;^nn- 


LVIII.    NOUNS   FIRST  i()v  9 1 

IT.  piv  nr"i*-  N2^^nKVV^  (nl;^'^). 

21.  ma'w(a)rad=mawrad=mau'rad  {^,  having 
lost  the  vowel  following  upon  it,  combines  with  the 
preceding  a  into  the  diphthong  au)  =  m6raD'(the  diph- 
thong au  is  contracted  m  Hebrew  into  the  intermediate 
monophthong  6;  6  long  by  contraction)  *Tl"iQ(note  that  T 
is  retained  in  spelling),  Dy1")'m")1D;  pNH  ^D^TID, 
Dn')^S^);D1  (note  that  i  may  not  be  retained  in  spel- 
lo    ling);  ntrmD-  I^TO  a.  pTO  t.  Ni;iD>  D^D  Nifl^, 

^NViD,    onNniot    (88,19^);   cr'npQn  ^n^^d. 
Dn^NviD-  noiD  (6  r^^z/./d'^  to  ti);  mi^iD. 

22.  npiD,    "jnpiD;  Dnr)o-   nin»  n^'^o- 
15        24.  :3:r'in,  D^ntJ^m-  rSin-  nnDin,  ^nn^in, 

25.  D^;::^*n  ninSin-  n:3pin,  nin*  nrjji^^n; 
n^!3rin,  Dn:inni:3r^n.nSrnn,  ^nSmn-  nn^in^ 

27.    ^I'pV  fl  28.    n>p\  1  43.    pnn^  I  45.  ^^'^'^'<. 


93  LIX.  VERBS  FIRST  lO). 

LIX.     2.     VERBS. 
A.  THE    SIMPLE   STEM. 
MIDDLE  A  VERBS.  MIDDLE  I  VERBS. 

PERF.  wa§ab(a)=yasab(a)*    waris(a)=yaris(a)' 


-  T 


IMPP.     ya'wisib(u)   —  ya'-    yi'w(i)rasu    =     yi'y(i) 

'i§ib(u);:=yai'sib(u)::ry^seB''    rasu   =   yiy'ras(u)    = 

21^1    yiras"  i^y^ 


'  :  I** 

*  •  1 ' 

T  :<-  •• 

T  :<-    • 

IMP. 

'^^' 

''^l' 

T  at:         at 

*?^' 

T'"l 

? 

INF.  CSTR. 

•nDfi^' 

"tj^X*'  '°n^"i 

"    ABS. 

T 

T 

PART. 

':ja^> 

i90,4  ff.  'the  form  goes  back  to  that  sfagg 
of  the  language^  which  as  yet  had  not  suffered 
the  first  vowel  of  the  stem    to    be  lost'^  w,    between 


15 


LIX.   VERBS  FIRST    1(^3.  93 

two  vowels,  is  turned  into  a  tnere  breathing  ('), 
which,  at  a  subsequent  period  (cf.  81,13)  is 
absorbed  into  the  vowel-complex  surrounding  it; 
a  diphthong  is  thu=3  formed — ai,    which  in   Hebrew 

5  is  cotitr acted  into  the  intermediate  monophthong  6; 
6  long  by  cotitr  action)  cf.  91,3  fl". ;  also  78,17  f.  '  w 
between  two  vowels  homogeneous  with  y,  is  turned 
into  y,  which  again,  the  second  1  being  lost,  is 
absorbed  by  the  first  and  formg   i:  iwi=:iyi=iy(i)=i; 

10  cf.  12,13.  Note  that*  is  retained  in  spelling,  'cf. 
43,19\  'cf.90,14  ff.  a.  78,7ff.  '^^  :  tJ^""l^»=^tr' :  :3iy>. 
'  ///-//  form,  'formed  by  analogy,  cf  '2^-  °cf.  expl. 
note  5  a.  78,10  fl".;  n^^,  for  j-j^tT",  cf.  90,  1\ 
»«=rast.    ''full  form. 

IS       NOTES.   1.   ny^^ ;  y^'x  y^*t^)    (s^,  3^). 

T  :  r-  v<  ••     T 

n::tr'-  nDtrS--2.  ontr'nnt  ( 87,  i)  ;  ij:r'»  (note 

t:  <  •  :r 

that  '>    may  7iot  be  retained  in  spelling),  ")p  *  1  a. 

np^^T ;  nLr'^S--3.  ^-n^  (middle  u),  t^hy  ^  (cf. 

I-  •  '  T  T  :    T|T 

36,10).     SdV     (for     yoKal',  91,  12,    to    avoid    its 
2o    being  confounded   with   7DK\  cf.  74,  20. 


94 


LIX.    VERBS  FIRST  iO) 


B.     THE  CAUSATIVE    STEM. 

ACTIVE.. 


PERF.    ha'w(a)§aba  impp. 
— lia'w(a)§iba  ~ 
haw'§ib(a)z=hau'- 
sib(a)=:h6siB"       inf.  cstr.      yt^'iH 

yt:^)n    "  abs.     :jtrm 


yi^v  IMP.  rjLTin 


ny^^n  part. 

T  :<- 


n^t^nr: 


■   :     I 

etc. 


PAET. 


PASSIVE.  lO 

PERF.    liu'w(u)siba=     impp.  ^t^)'' 
hu'w(u)saba      = 
huw'sab(a)        = 

htlsaB"  2ti^)r\      INF.    CSTR.    ^p)^ 

n:imn  etc.  is 

»91,3ff.  niw(u)=u,  cf.  93,9. 

Note  qpv;  ^ipin-SN,  fiDi^  :3tr'T^i,  innit. 

C.     THE  REFLEXIVE  STEMS. 

THE  T  REFLEX. 


Note  M'i'n'x 


LX.   ^/ERBS  FIRST  iO).  95 

PERF.       '^^'1J     IMPF.      "^^V     IMP.      Dt^in 

..  -J-.  ..-J- 


T  :     1 

•   :|T- 

•    :|T  • 

T  :<- 

nj^^^in 

T  :<-  T  • 

PART.         ^Ci'iJ    INFF.       iJC^^in 

T  ••T' 

5  ^94,16\    "^^R  preserved,   \iQQ,dM?,Q  sharpened. 

Note  iniN;  Dn':'ij,  m:rij,  m^iW  noiji 

(combination  of  the  t  andN  reflex,  stems;  t  assimil- 
ated to  y^,  of.  88,2'). 

D.     WITH  SUFFIXES. 

'°  !r|^-nSn   (n,iof.);    T\my\  r^wyy,  u^y-^ 

LX.     VERBS  FIRST  •)(♦)— CONTINUED. 
A.     WITH  GUTTS. 

IS  ^'y  1^-^'  1^^)'  ^^'tR"?'  ^^^^  q^nS);  "|iSn; 

»nDSm--^-i:);^  (90,8');  !r]D>Sin.-2.  nnn-  fjrv 
isr-  ^l;r^<;  :3n,  nnn  a.  ^innt.  I'^n*    ( 58, 5  ), 

-  T<T  <T  rt"' 


96  LXI.  liOOT.i    FIRST    10)  AND  MIDDLE  v. 

r^u  !r]y;;\v.-3.  ri;^T,    p;^T  ( 31,15);  i;t 

^'LJ^'inn     (yaw    r^W?'^^  into  jvhaw,  cf.  40,10  f.), 

pnvi,  pmn,  nnriy -!r]ij;;T ;  ^piNi;  in^^n; 

B.     VERBS  FIRST  •)(')   AND    THIRD  {«^. 

t^y"),  )^y\  iNnv  n^?,  nNvi,  *k5;  ;  Nnn  iNn»  t 

T  I  I"  "■  "^  :  T  : 

(88,11=).  riN^S;  iiy  ^rh:h-  NV^-*JNn\  ^j^n^S, 

•  :  T  ;    I- 

K"i*n- -  N^i^in,   riNi^in;  k^vv,   kvid,  nvvi. 

T   • 

LXI.     b.  ROOTS   FIRST  1(>)    AND   MIDDLE  V- 

A.  1.     NOUNS. 

21(22).     ma'w(a)sab  =  maw'sab  =  massab    (w 

assimilated     to      s)    !}^D.t    ^^n^r^,     D^n^'SD     :3yO, 

^ny^n-  .1:3^^.  n:nm  Sj;nn  mv^/pN  n:im 

B.  2.     VERBS. 

!r|-)^N,  nvri-  !i*2;n,  ^nvm,  rlf^  iV^vn-  p2;\, 


IS 


20 


LXn.  ROOTS   FIRST  '.  LXIII.   NOUNS  MIDDLE  \.    97 

LXII.    c.   ROOTS  FIRST   »  (V'fj). 

A.  1.     NOUNS. 

4.   nS^»,  Dpin  nSV- 1  s  SS^ 

5  21.     ma'y(a)tab=:may'tab  z=  mai'tab  =  metai]' 

(cf.  93, 4ff.)  ^f2l:^  DD*o,  DnL^♦■»Q. 
24.  p^n,  njj^i- 

30.     ma'y(a)sar— mi'y(i)sar=mis6r'     (cf.  93,  9) 

B.  2.     VERBS. 

lo  >S-!i^^\  j*p_*  pJ'*'  ivp» ;  :iD^n  ppj^i  a.  f*p;»r- 

:j^p\'l      (    5    );     n^D^n,    ncr'^n    (cf.     maytab), 

iV^Vnn  ( 96, 3 ),  njp\v,  :3OT  ;  SS\i,  ^Tt^^n ; 

d.     ROOTS  MIDDLE  ")  (yy). 

1$  LXIII.     1.     N   0   U  N   S. 

1.     saw'mii(n)  =  saiira'z=s6m  (  95, 5'  )     D^^^^, 

D^IDV  5  niOIVrr-  mo  (*l  '"^y  assume   its    conson- 

antal    character;   note  a,    not  e!)    ni^H    T]"!^"^^' 

oinn ;  vnbn  but  0^1:^'  a.  o^mnt  ciiir'a.  nin). 


20 


D^nt:^- 


98  LXIII.   NOUNS    MIDDLE  ). 

2(8.14).      Dn^^p. 
3(9).     su'w(u)r=sur  (94,16^)  niVil,  )^);ty^  1*)V; 

Dnv-  mi-  Note  nn^l  a.  n^pw-   nsiD-   Dip^ 

D^ytr")-  pNn"D;^  n"?!  n^ir,   Sip  ^nSir  (remnan^ 
of   the    geni'L     case    ending,     of.  17, 12  ff.).     ^flSir,      5 

4.  za'war=za''ar=zar'     (84,U')     "||  ;      DHt. 

,  T 

rjnr-  nil  mnr-  riyn  n^p.,   D^ntr^D  ni/*:p_, 

D^1D"l-   naht=nalit    (  40,13  )=na'haT   nilj,  illl^J^'. 

-<-         rt 

T  - 

nnn,  nnn^-  inn  nnn,  rn^D  nnn^.  nnnn 

5.  ma'wit=ma''it=:mait'  =  meT'  (93,1  ff.)  fltD. 

A  T 

6.  ba'wus=ba''us=baus'— bos' (cf.97,16)D^::^'l;3.     iS 

niK,  niN;   Dn\\v    ni^iN-   b6st=bust    (cf.9'0 
=  bo'seT  nt^3,  D^JD  n^^'DDi,  ^i:rnv 

V  •  T  T 

10.  da'war=da''ar=dar'=d6r' "11"^,  ^-j,  "1*)^^  ; 

Dnn,  nni,  dd^ii-i,  DnnnS-  SnjDvn  d:;, 

m^^D    a.    ^im^^  (tbe  word,  having  verbal  force,    20 


LXm.     NOUNS  MIDDLE    1.  99 

assumes   verbal  /^rw,     cf.  48,3  3".),    i^"])^,    Tyi)^, 

r]*iipt,  i:nip.  nji-np;  oni;^-  ::id,  d^did  ;n:iito, 

m^lD-  II  10    c.    hana'wapat=hana''apat=liana'pat 

=hflnapa'  ,15^(1,    (im»1. 
TT  -: 

5       11(14).  Snp;  SnK- 

12.     niawtil'=:iiia'fl.l'=iniil'   (not  m61,   because 
of  the  position  of  the  tone)    ^)f2,  D^Sd-    HDiS- 
21.     ma'qawam=ma'qa'ani:=nia'qam=  maqom' 

Dip^,  n?  Dip^,  »nipo-  '0)^12  (93, 19).  rvjipon, 
lo  Dyr\r2^pt2,  onoipD-  niNo-  mjo-  nmjD-  n^dq. 

pip-     ^IID    SlO    (=*SlNp,     cf.     14     a.  96,9'  ), 
24.     DlHil   (t aha' warn). 

32.  pivD,  npiv  f)i;?p-  n^im  dino  (n), 
15  Dio-  nnira,  lining- 
34.   D^JN*n,  mii^n- 

Note    h)^,  ^h)^.  nS)^   (97,17    f.;   note   the 
guttural  surroundings)      a.     ^y7^^  >      fIN  a.  flj.?; 

nn  *n;^)^;  nnnn ;  iji^hk  y):^^ ;  ni^t"  (81,21). 


100  LXIV.  VERBS  MIDDLE  1. 

LXIV.     2.     VERBS. 

A.     THE  SIMPLE  STEM.  MIDDLE  A  VERBS. 

PERF.      qa'wama=      impf.     ya'quwumu=     imp. 
qa''am(a)  =  qam''  ya'qu'um(u)  =  ya- 

Dp  qum'»  D*)p|  Dip    5 

'HDP  '^Dipn     ^»op 

t)<t  ■  I<t  •    i< 

T   ;l<-  T<v  I     :  T .  )< 

INF.    ABS.  *Dlp        INF.  CSTR.  'Dip 

PAET.     =Dp:  "Dip 
'  98,7.     *cf.  70,  19\    1'  \    'cf.   98,  9^.    Mb.  18.     lo 
nb.  2.  'cf.  n,  8«    a.    expl.  note  3.    '98,  2.    «  ib.  T. 
»99,6. 

NOTES.    1.    DNpl    (81,14),    Dpi;    n:}tri    a. 

n!iiri  (4o,n'),   nDiri  (84,  ip);  nnnji  (78,i3^). 

<  ~  T    : 

—2.  "ip\  fii;i"is  nj^ira   (ptj^n.   ny    Juss.  ,5 

nb^>  (40,16')  a.  Dp^  Dp^^l,  D1pK1--3.    Dp,    HOIp 

but  ^Sk  nniD  ^JiiS*  nniD  ,nin^  n^ip.  -  4. 
DipS,  oh 

B.     VERBS  MIDDLE  I  AND  U. 

1.     nia'wit(a)=  ma''it(a)  =m6T'  (98,  13)    nO,      2c 


LXIV.  VERBS  MIDDLE   V  101 

nni,  r\t2X  r\nf2,nr\D\  nnD,  un^. -ba'wus(a) 

rt  <  rt  T<-  rtT 

=bau's(a)=b6s'(98,15)tJ''l:3,trD1.  <1^^:j.  *QD;riLr3. 

*n:^^,  1J:r^  (  =  bost  etc.,    cf.  Ib.  16).  —  2.  ni^' 

(formed  dy  analogy^  of.   100,  5). —  yi'bawas(u)  =yi'- 

5    ba'as(u)  =  yi'bas(u)  =  ycBos'   (84,17«)    ^\2\    "Sn 

< 

C.     THE  INTENSIVE  STEM. 

a.     Dpip,  DOIp^etc;  DOlp,  D^lp^  etc. 
10  b.    D?|p,   D*p>  D*p  etc.  (cf.  tl,  20-Y2,4.) 

NOTES.  1.  ^rinio,  n:i:ipn,  nniDo,  n'ljjpnS; 

•  <-  T<"  '  ••  I 

1:1:10,  iiJDQnn--2.  i;2p— 3.^nS3'7::i,  SoSdn, 

SdSdSi,  ^dSdD;  iSdSdI  (cf.  72,  7). 

T 

D.     THE  CAUSATIYE  STEM. 

ACTIVE. 

PERF.      ha'qawama,  impf.      yaha'qawi-      imp. 

ha'qawima  =  hi'-  mu=  ya'qiyim(u) 

qiwima   =   hi'qi-  =  yaqim" 

yiin(a)=lieqlm'^  D^^      Dprl 


15 


J9 


103  LXIV.    VERBS    MIDDLE  1. 

T  )<•••  T<v  I  •  :         T :  )<"T 

I   v:   T   <  ••  -:  T  :  '<*-t 

INF.    ABS.  Dpn  INF.    CSTR.  D\'^n 

J "T  I  -T 

PART.  °D^p^ 

'97,8.     May    not     the  irregular  production  of    5 
i   to   i  in   Ttpp^  (40,  Y  f.)  be  due  to  the  principle 
of  false  analogyl    W.    73,4=;    57,14».  3  cf.  73,  4'. 

NOTES.   1.  ♦niD^jn   a.   ns^n  (cf.  ioo,i5'), 
nnoni,  oriDn  (93,i6o,DnDnv  nD^Dn-^m^jomt.   lo 
—3.   nn't^^'rr.  cj^dj  n:}»ra,  o^n^oD- 


PERF. 


HDplil      INF.    CSTR.     Dpin 
T  :  ' <-  '  - 

Cf.  72,30  ff.;    74,4'. 

Note  mnn;    nom-SiV,  riDini;  n^in, 
<  < 


PASSIVE. 
Dpill      IMPF. 

Dp> 

PART. 

nnpin 

tI:    I 

etc. 

D,7)D    15 

LXIV.   VERBS   MIDDLE   ).  103 

E.     THE     REFLEXIVE     STEMS. 

THE  T  REFLEX. 
THE  N  REFLEX, 

5    PERF.      na'qawama    impf.     yahin'qawi-    imp. 
na'qa'ama  =  na-        mu    —  yin'qawa 
qom'*  DlPJ         i^(u)  =  yiqqom'^ 


T  l<T 

Dipt 

Dipn 

'nioipj 

♦Qipn 

»Qipn 

o  ixF.  ABS.  Dipj;  Dlpfl 

? 

? 

PART.        'DipJ   INF. 

CSTR. 

Dipn 

ilOl,  4     f.     =99,    9*.      'the   second     a    perhaps 
introduced  from  the   perf.;    cf.  also  T4,l*. 

Note  Dmvb:3  ;  n:in^    n^^isj.    D^r^nj, 
15  nivbj. 

P.     WITH     SUFFIXES. 

♦jriDV  (poet  for  h  Dn^v),   *J5itr>    "i^ipN*}-- 
^JD'^rn,  ^iTr:ni,  innn^r:n,  inn^;::r]  but  vnpm, 


20     » 


104  LXV,    VERBS   MIDDLE  1. 

LXV.     VERBS  MIDDLE  1  —  CONTINUED. 
A.     WITH  GUTTS. 

(74,19=),  ni^p^'  '^H''!  l:;^p^^^^ii''ypyy'l^^^*^^ 
T^ii)■-^^^\  -iiN|-2.  ^:mi;  mJ^  m-'-i,'  y^")  no'^    s 

"  Note'  nin^  piJiv  nm  (99,nf.). 

B.     VERBS  MIDDLE  *)  AND  THIRD  J»{. 

1.  K3.  HNn,  HNDi,  nN*3.  n^n,  onNn--  i° 

T  <  T     <T  : 

—2.  N^nn.  nN^:3n,  nN^:3mt,  riN^n,  onK^n  a. 
<  <•• 

HN^nn,  »N^::n;  nirr'  ^^^^ll  f^^p^;  Diy:  N;:m;  ^5 

LXVI.  e.   ROOTS  MIDDLE  *)(»)  AND  MIDDLE      20 

A.     1.     NOUNS. 
1.     sa'y(i)du(n)=sai'du=sa'yiD  ( 17,10f.   ;  note 


LXVI.  NOUiNS  MIDDLE  iO).  AND  MIDDLE  v        105 

the  influence  of  the  ^)  n'V.  "I^^,  ^J!J  1'>)if2  (said= 
s6d',100,20),  n^^'D,  n^l^O-  S^S,  nS^S  (remnant  of 
the  accus.  ending,  without  any  ai'z'^r(^/«//<?r^,?,  more 
frequent  in  poetry),  p^n^- m^\S- D':i^^"l  a.    n)T^ 

5  butD^Q  nr;?-  D\y^,  V"iDr  'J'pSi-  na^i:^,nn^£r 
^in::;^,  ^r\y^,  rjm^r  (note  the  spelling!),  ny^- 
pK,  p^n,  "15D0  pN,  ^:i:'K  (cf.  98,2o=),:r]rN,r)j^K, 
^jirx-  n:ij^K;  i:ij\s*,  d:)^^,  d:\v.  niNn  p;?,  ^j^:^. 
^Ty  )Ty  )T}'y  nyyy    nn^^'y   )Tn)T2, 

2.     si'y(i)r  =  sir'    (102,5')    y^^f,     p^^f  yi^f^, 

n^tTDi,  n^tr  cnh^ti');  n^b^-  ^n'ty-  yyty-  ny\^, 
nn  nn^c^  hyn  r\)y^- 

4.     LJ'Nn,   D*:^'iSn  (l 00,13');  n.  la'yas  =  la'yis 

T  T  '  T  • 

15   (?)=i^s'pS'Dnr; 

21.  nyp(cf.  99,13).  nniy^a.  nmi;o. 

22  (31).  nnnD,  mn,^- 

29(34).  n^)2r},  mn^  n^^m,  Tn^ibw 

21.  ?n,  hudSk  rn  (83,5  f.).  D>Ty.  D^:n 
2°  a.  D^Jin-  nl'^- 


106        LXVI.  VERBS  MIDDLE  10)  AND  MIDDLE  V 

45.    pb'bv  ''Ji  p:^•^  (io5,i9^). 

Note    fi> V ;  pir^^N;  DVk  ;  '?'N* ;  y'^^    'H^^IN 

I"  T  T  •  T  Tv:  ••  '      ' 

(note  that  i  is  preserved  with  '>). 

B.     2.     VERBS. 

<in:i!J:   nn:i^' ;    Vy    (=ya'biyin(u),  impf.  with  the      5 
characteristic  vowel   i,  preferred  here   on   account 
of  the   ^),    n^.3n     D^'Il/''   a.    QW\     ni^H    NrSN> 

nnn;  p^n  pnt('i3;i5f.),,  D^irn  oi:r;  pSS  a. 

pSS,  nnS;  D'2y  D^jSt  (Note   p^}  [for*p5,  cf.    k 

io5,uf.],  nun,  ^nr^i-MnN  hh)nr\\  nmti^N*, 

"iTIt^*^- — IJUn  (t'le  causative  forms,  it  seems,  are 
due  to  fa/se  analogy,  cf.  p^*  in  the  simple 
stem);    J^H '^    P^JhS  5   p:}D.   D^JUD,  P;^;^  ^JUQV 

-p^Dnn,  SnSnnnv  ^iij:;!  ij'?^^;  p:3j,  pDJi  i, 

Note  the  following  table  of  1.  ^'y  forms  of 
yy  verbs,  2.  V'p  forms  of  p"p  verbs  and  3. 
Vf)  forms  of  T'P  verbs. 


LXVII.  NOUNS  THIRD    "i^J   AND    THIRD'.  1U7 

1.  2. 

a.  D,  nto,  101;  Sb;         a.  m,  -lir"");  "iiaS- 

-  -  AT  '        T        -  < 

••  T  ...... 

r    n^DH,  n^D^    a.    n^DH, 

^y'ln-  n^jin  (io4,6f!, 
74,20),  n^3\  mn-'7N, 
mi,    mn,     nn^jin, 

ir'^n.        . 

c.  noj,  bi!DJ,  -^ii^p;        c.  riisri  ?l:in;  nipn, 


rtT 


3. 

,g  ni:i^'^:}n  a.  ncrnin. 

*5  T    <     •  v:  T :  <- 

f.  ROOTS    THIRD     '){'')    AND    THIRD  i 
(>V'S  AND      1"^). 
LXVII.    1.    NOUNS. 
1.     sa'h(u)wu(n)=sa'hu  (97,18;    100,11=)  )r\t^, 

2o  nStra;  r^^hty,    d'S^dd  mSir".  hinj.  ^mNi 

gad(i)'yu(n)  (the  y  maybe    original  or  not;    i,    its 


108        LXVII.  NOUNS  THIRD  \{^)  AND  THIRD  \ 

homogeneous   vowel,  draws,  in  connected  speech,  tlie 
accent  upon  itself  =g<?Di'  (105,11)  HJ,  ^Jl  (=ga'diy; 

note  h\\  V:3tr',    ^.*?J^'t.  D^^ltT'  but  D:)^nL^>    (note 
the  shifting   of  the  tone).    D^njl,   D^Di;  a.  D\X!l^ 

•  t:  •  T  T 

(y=' ,  cf.  ib.  14^),  Dnp  ^nji  (cf.  82,  p).  n;^,  n;^n  s 
D^nv,  !nni^-  I'nS-  ^^nS,  ^n^^nS-  n^!}:^";  niN^y 
(rr\vr^)^  »n'p"]-(ha'n(u)wt=hanuT'*nijno  nl^^nrr 

(hanu'wat=hanuyy6T';     the  doubling  of  the  third 

radical  [w,  which  then  is  formed  into  y,  cf.  101,11] 
prevents  its  absorption  by  the  preceding  vowel;  lo 
note  that  the  vowel  in  the  sharpened  syllable  re- 
mains short,  because  unaccented:  a  closed  unaccented 
syllable  is  equal  in  duration  of  pronunciation  to  an  ac- 
cented syll.  with  a  produced  vowel).  H^^Ii^-  H^^n. 
'nn^jn.  D^n^Jnn  (the  plural  ending  attached  to 
the  t  of  the  fern.  end. ,  which,  by  false  analogy^  is  re- 
garded as  a  radical  conson. ;  note  that  the  loss  in 
pronunciation  of  the  final  cons,  was  favorable  to 
such  formations),  Dn^nin^^nV  H^V  (9  ff.  ), 
tj^ninj-  day'yu(n)=day'  *<%,  n^,  nOH^  H^  (day  =      ^ 

d6',  105,1s),  v'»'^,'n^>^   (ib.  70,  on— ini^LTI^^D, 

.-   -r'v"  T- 


LXVII.  NOUNS  THIRD  1(>)  AND  THIRD  i.       109 

N*"in-)inD  ^nS:j  (98,  4f.),  D1^1  ^nSri,  r^io^ 
^n*:'::  f;i<,  ?]nS^,  SbN  ^nbnS-  S5  (  =  bai'ya(n), 

§    with  the  third  radical  entirely  absent,  a  hi  literal  form ; 
poet,  for  }<7  etc.). 

2.  ninn,  rr\rv  nnn-  »m  *Vi7''i'^n;  n^J!}.- 

'in(y)t'   (4  f.)  =  'in'ta  ='it'ta='eT' -|DpS")n3  jli^, 

V  <T    :t: 

^°   IJriNt,   DDHK,  Dni^-  'i(w)(w)t'='eT'  D^DtTTr  HK, 

T 

I^^plHTIK-  See  XIV.  a. 

3.  mill  inn-  niD3,  JrjniD::-  ^nnnn  ^i)», 
♦D\  !n^3v  T]^£3^  vsv  n'£)v  'hn,  ^Snn,»Sm;  D^Sm- 

'5  4.     1J;;(VJ;^  q^re,    false  analogy,    cf.   16,    11); 

on:;?,  pN"nj;;.  13  n:i^N-SD*i  nji^  rSp^  (poet.), 

miJ^  (— sa'day=sa'd6=saDe',  h  widened  to  h-,  note 
the  function  of  H  as  a  vowel  letter ;  the  term  S1"7 
roots'  is  therefore  to  be  rejected),   "1*^,1  TTW    (6 


110        LXVII.  NOUNS  THIRD  ){^)  AND  THIRD  \ 
retained),    ^-S\D    (    109,8    ),     ^^D.    initT    (15,  15; 

•T  >    :|T  <-T 

the  third  radical  retained  in  6,  to  which  the  form 
of  the  suffix  is  attached  without  an  intervening 
case  vowel),    HliT ;    IDH    Hb^,    ^m:^,    ^HtT ; 

nnb',  v^^  nnL^,  irmir,  on^nic^,  ornti^n.    5 

T  -  V 

mn»  ^jDTiNv  D\'iSKn  »JiDS,  rr\T\'^  ^jdo-  d^di^' 

(=sa'may-ira,  falsely   taken   for   a   dual,    hence  the 
peculiar  accent),    D^QCTn  ^DtT,  ?]»nC^-   H^N*    H^ 
(»   retained   in  spelling]  poet.),  tJ^KTip  (      1'    ).    ^o 
np  (=  'a'day-y[a],    the    noun      [prepos.]  in     the 

-T 

(poet.),  r^^iyhv-  *Sp,  ^S;;,  ri^Sr,  ri'^l^  T^l^' 
o^Si^t  (cf.  16,9'),  r^p,  n^S;^;  iJ^Sr-  d:)^S;^, 

•  :at  T  ,  -: 

ur\hv^  fn^S;^-  niS^;i  ^v^^  nrir^ii  *jd-S;^o,  ^s 

PP")S"SpD-  T\\'^V  (=  'a'rawat  =  'a'ra'at    etc.). 

nVp  (qasa'wat),  ni^^p ;    flJO,    nVJO     (mNJD), 
t':  *  T I  T : 

nlN  (='a'wat='a'wawat);  niniN-  HIJ;^,  ^m^);; 
nm-  hSd-  pN*n  niSjl    (^galawtO. 

5.     r)^\   D7i;^    nbtJ^'.    nS^    (ya'pi  y  ^yapg'    20 


LXVII.    NOUNS  THIRD  l(^).  AND  THIRD  1.        Ill 

=  yaP6',  by    analogy,    cf.  109,17),   D^^*l^  ^£)^     T\^\ 

'• :  TT 

"iNn-nsv  ^^^' '  -nisN  hn-id  ni£3^  *n.   nin^  ^n 
and  ^J2*£)J  »n,  D'.^n ;  .i^h/  nvH- 

5   i;^"i  a.  in;^-);  o^pn,  !H*^^  ^pnt,  ♦p-i,  Dn*;;nt. 

D^PO.    nVp    (with     the    accent     shifted),     HD^ 

•<-  ••  v'<"  v<v 

(  93,14  ).  h'rhii  (poet),  nSi:in-SiS*,  ^Sk.  »Sk, 

?1»^K,  ^I^Sn  t]>SN,'  vSk,  H^Sk  ;  1J^Si<,  dd^Sk, 

P^Sk,  d.tSn,  p7j^. 

lo  10.     ga'lawu(n)  =  ga'la'u  =  ga'la=gal6'   Jl^J, 

11.     na'qiwu=:na'qi'(u)=:naqi'  Kp^t,  "pj.    *p^ 

D^D!),  7:i;^S  ( 108,19^ );  D»^j;^n,  ^d;^  ^^jp,  ""^^^jr- 

15  12.     sa'p^iwu=sa'p1i'(u)=saPll'  ?)5Vt,  flllDJ   a. 

•  ■     T 

nilb'I^  (k^TiB).    ba'zAy(u)=baziiy'  nt!!,  D;^  nr^l  ; 

D^n:n,  nin»  ^niiDV  nnoi  nvio:-  tr^n  ^ism, 
13.  inD,  '>)%  in-  ni::riD  ^nSn  a.   »NiSa 

T         T  :  :  T 

15.  -ii;?  ^03- 


113        LXVII.  NOUNS  THIRD  i(^)  AND  THIRD  \ 

'>:t^  (108,210  a.  ^jKnt.  rpi^rt),  ^t^'p  but  tj^nt, 
inn3  (iio,2ff.),  n^j'p,  i^n"i;  Dvn;D^:n,    »:d 
nnStr,  nm,  r]»jD,  ViD^;,  n^Ni,  i:'n:r',  Dn^Ni, 
,  fn^jp.  nhn,  n::nN  nSn-  .T:piD  (iii,i30,  nvn^n,    5 
Note  rr^D;?t. 

T  : 

18.  qatui  niSji,  n^^n  niSji,  »mSj 

T        I  T 

20.  riKj,  D\s:i;  nNJi. 

21(22.)  npii''D(io9,nff.),  ^S^n  npra.  !riti^yD 

(=  ...Saika  =  sayka),    ']nt^};f2,    )y^^>t2  >    D^tTX^D,     lo 

onnt  »^pD,  ♦t^^pn,  ^:r;^Q,  ^^trpo,  r]*&r;?D, 
t]^^PD.  vt^r^,  n'i:^;^D,  orr^trpD-  nNno-  n;^no, 
minn  n:iLj^b--  n*7pD,  nso-  mvD,  non-  ncsQ; 
niDD-  njo^,  nt3D,  nDDS(D)-  h'pi^d-  nSpD,  S;;od, 

T<-  TAT  ,  T^<-  "^    h  , 

22  (31).  n^5"io,  Dn^n-iD-  Spti'n  n^ifna- 

23  (32).  n'"hnt2>  nn"iD. 

25  (33).  n^Sbn,  ^n^^i^no.  n^ivn,  n^ij^'in 
(5^  ).  npn,  DW"i  i^pn.  niKn-  min, 
njin-  20 


LXVIII    VERBS  THIRD  ^0).  AND  THIRD  v      113 

26  (34).  D^KiSnn-  n^mii  ninnn- 

S  43.  pjp,  1i3D^  fW  fvSp.  fV!li^. 

45.  fvv.^,  D^j^;^  fv'pDv  fvrn,  nS^S  ]vm- 
m\if2,  ni:nn-  p^n  (110,10 ),  DoSo  pncfi^rti^ 

^^7     [106,1"  ]  explained  by  i\\Q  principle  of  analogy)^ 

^Jii^n,  ^IJiv").  pirn,  i.t;^^':  prn;  niJir- 

JO      .  LXVIII.    2.     VERBS. 

A.     WITHOUT  SUFFIXES. 
ACTIVE. 

PEEP.     ga'la"wa=ga'la'a= 
1 5  ga'lawat =ga'lat=ga'lat=ga'latat= 

ga'i^Ta"  nnSj  nn'pj  nnSjn  nn'^jnn  nnSjj 

T  :|T      T  :  •         T  :  :  •        t  :-  :  •         t  :  :  • 

(ga'lawta  =  )ga'layta  =  gal^'Ta  = 

gaii'Ta'    n^S.3  n^'pji   T\hyr\  n^'p'inrT  n^Sjj 

T  <•  T      T<"  •       T  <••   :  •      T  <•■  -  :  •        T  <••  :  • 


114        LXVIII.  VERBS  THIRD  iO)AND  THIRD  v 
IMPF.     (yag'liwu— )  yag'liy(u):= 

yigi6"  nSji»     r^)>y     nhy     n^^n'     nSji! 

'♦S^n     ^^:n     ^Sjn     ^"p^nn     ♦Sjn 

'nrSjn  nj''?:in  nj»S:in  nr'pjnn  nrS*in 

T<v  :  •        T<v- :        T<v:-       t,--.- :   •         t<-.  t  • 

IMP.       'n7Ji     n'?ji    n7:in  n'pinn    nSjn    5 

T  <v :  T<v~       T  <•.•:-      T<v-:  •         t<vt* 

iNP.  csTE.  «ni7^  niv^  nn^n  niv^nn   niSjn 
"  ABs.  «,iS^     n'?^    nS;iii  cn'v'jnn]      niSjj 

PART.    -nSji   njp^p    nS^;5    njpin^    "nS^.^  10 

T 

'100,      10';     3Y,      2'.     «38,       12';       T3,       6', 

with  the    shortening  of  a  (106,1'),  thet  was  taken 
for  a  radical  letter  (popular  eiytnologyX)  and,     as    a 
consequence,  the  word  was  inflected  anew,  ^e   may    ^5 
be    flattened     to    i.     *112,li;    with  verbs    (orig.) 
middle  i,    the   form  goes  back  to  yaglay.  *113,*''. 

•110,19'.      •111,10.  i°112,l'>=naglay,      cf.     112,9'. 
"111,16. 


LXVIII.  VERBS  THIRD  10)  AND   THIRD  \        115 

PASSIVE. 

T  :  T  T   :  :  T  T<"  :  t 

IMPF.   yagul'lay,   jug'lay   etc.^ 

v:t  -it  t^v:t 

INF.  csTR.  ni'pji-  ni7:in. 

:  T 

V  :  :         V  :  T 

icf.     114, 181'. 

lo  NOTES.  1.  nS:in  (  u,  n^ ).— 2.  nv"i«*ii  a. 
nS:int;  nnS:?,  nnS:ij,  nnpm-  ^S^  ( ii4,i7» ). 
—3.  Tiiw;  ri^7X  n^jriOTi,  nnjD;  ir^:i:^, 
DD^DD ;  n^jDi,  ^n^JDi,  Ti^ipi,  n^7:)i,  nptrm 
a.  np:rm--4.    n^'iN,  noDri-s.  vScr^   (y 

15    retained;     note    the     position    of    the     accent!), 

vy^\  rvann,  |v^n^-6.   njSnnv-7.   r]:im. 

—8.    Otn-— 9.       a.      jy    (  100,161;    the  second 

vowel  a  faint  remnant  of  the  corresponding  vowel  of 

the  stem,    cf.    23,  1  f. ;   note   that  the   first  vowel, 

~o     though   accented,    remains   as    yet    short),     p"*)  ; 


Ua  LXVIII.   VERBS  THIRD  l(^)  AND  THIRD  \ 

b.  fDnUcf.  23,  5^),  f£)N1.;  c.  n£3^1(cf.  ib.  ^  ; 
the  daaeS  lene  indicates  that  a  faint  vowel  was 
heard  after  the  final   consonant),  ^t^'Hl.  "Ip"'!, 

(cf.   23,1   );  b.   ri£iv  iy,  pm--h!in%  S^in,  s 

n^DQ,  niDDD,  D^DDn,  n'?:iD,  moD^-.  ns'iD 
D'hn,  D^!}-1^,  n^-iD;  D^S^on ;  D^DDn;^  ;  D^raj, 

T 

B.     WITH  SUFFIXES.  lo 

1.  ^m  (115, 12'),  nn5,  n:p,  in:ip,  oniD; 
»jiD"i,  inoD,  ij'^D ;  '^jpn,  ^Dim,  ^5")ni,  nnrirn, 
dSjih.- *:nD:D,  in'pDv  inij^  nn:D,  DirjC'n; 

inn^i^'o,  n^i^j^i;  '^^n^m :  D^nnnni.-2.  ^jynm,  ^s 
3.   '>2np ;  i:id:}  ;    inp^n--4.  '^n'S^;  im"?:: ; 


LXIX.     VERBS  THIRD    ){>)  AND  THIRD  \  117 

LXIX.     VERBS    THIRD     X^)  ^^^    THIRD     » 
—CONTINUED. 

A.     FIRST  GUTTURAL. 

1.  .TDH  a.  vont^ty^^,  Dr\'h^--r]i^:i, 

5  n V'  ptrpn.  fi^pn,  nSr^ ;  nnn\i  a.  n:nri, 

nrn*,  iot,  [ii;n;^ ;  fvr^^  fVDn\  nonn,  nji.i>, 

^D^^  n^nnN,  fV/t)nv-n;?m  (cf.    53,12) ,  hyi<\ 

tr;?Ni  (HWNi) ;  rnn,  rnNv  f*m,  nrnNn,  *i?n*i, 

Dvn^v  Note    in*i  (cf.  tinh'^,  64,  5 ),  rn*i  but 

lo  njm^,  *inp--n7i^;  W  ojj^);  nrrr,  n^m,  idh; 

^SK;-nitr;^S-  Note  nti^i^  fi^oS,  itrp  riS^on, 

in^r  Snin-KS-  nirnS,  nionS  a.  monS; 

D'^*   mn.iD. -2.   rfS;;n,    ^nSpn,    onSi^n, 

nnS;^ni.  iS;;.i,  ^S;^n^  n^Spn,  n^'7pm,  ijn>S;^n, 
i-       ._.       ..   ^  ^..  „  < ..  |_ 

Dii'i  ")nn--in'7pn,  Sj;n,  »Spn  but  )mn. 

-n)hyr\'?--r\unt2,  nn.j  nS^^D,  D^ts^no,  D^Sp;:, 


118        LXIX.  VERBS  THIRD  M>)  AND  TUIRD 

— s.Snnn,  Snnm.-nSpj,  n'l^^y:  but  nntrr^; 

rt  A  —  —  IV 

B.     MIDDLE  GUTTURAL.  5 

Note  >:iN-i^  a.  ^jNnnt.  rv;^nn-  Wn-  ;^nni;  nm 

nSnV  NT    (81,   16 ff.),  NHN,    Nim,    N-INI    but 

{<-)V)  (cf.  ib.  21  ).— vj^n.-mntrS;  !r]^jiD  nim- 

HNnn,  ^:N"in,  ^:)N"in,  r|Npnt,  \-\nsnmt.-r]iNS:, 
HNnn  nQn-S>\v  ;^n!>  NTv--^JNnn,  ^j>Nnn.- 
D^^i'jN  niNSn--n\snn,  asnn,  nNnQ.-4. 
iN-inn;  HNnni  ixnn^i.  rnnn-7N,  "iJnn-SN;  15 
n:inni;  nS  n^n-^'o-  mririCT  (intqatiai(a) ), 
mnn^rn  *nnnt^'\  mnc*'^  (107,  lo),  innt^'-^i, 
iinn^rn;  nnn::^n;  ninn^rnS-  winnirn:}; 
mnnc^D,  DnnntJ'D- -  nnNnj ;  nrrr,  pN^i^'v 
nNT;nDn-SN.n^n  (ts,  2^),   nt,  Nnn.NnNi;  ^c 


LXIX.  VERBS  THIRD  )(^)  AND  THIRD  \  119 

C.  VERBS  FIRST  :  AND  THIRD  ){^)   (THIRD  ^). 

1.   VLD>  MDV  r^i,  n  (^6,10*),    Dn-SN-on-. 

<T  •. : 

HDJ;  niDjS-  ^jm--2.  ♦n^pj:  npjv  nn^j,  i^j-- 

3.  n^n,  )r)'^n,  niyn-'  r\^\  n^y,  .iddv  bn-SiS* 

(^     - 

5  (ib.  8'),  r]%  yi  DNn ;  n^n,  r[n ;  monS-- 
HDo,  nnnn;  idd;  D^nS^*  nnn,  d^dd-  ^Jimn, 
^jmV-4.  VDJ,  npj;  noj^  ipjn  npjn- 

D.  VERBS  FIRST  K  AND  THIRD  ){'>)  (THIRD  >). 

1.  DiTDN;  n£iN\  HHiVv  nnxn.  vdn*; 

■.•:|v  ••  <T    V 

'°  irr5hi,  HNn  (12,  lof.);   iDN,  vnN.-2.  vnri; 
Sn^  :  vn.i;  "inSNiiS. 

E.   VERBS  FIRST   '^{'>)  AND  THIRD  •)(*) 
(THIRD  '<). 

F.   VERBS  MIDDLE  *)  (MIDDLE  i)  AND  THIRD 
*)(^)  (THIRD  »). 


T:lT 


120  LXIX.   VERBS  THIRD  lO)  AND  THIRD  \ 

m^H'  w;?n,  ijnpn ;  'inipn.-4.  *  iipj ;  iipn 

..  -    ..  _    -J.  _ 

'  G.   (mn)  n\'i  and  o^n)  n^n-  5 

1.   n^1,  rrnM.  n^^1.  n\m  a.  nn'm,  n^\m, 

TT  <•  ^T-|  T<  : 

Dn^sn,  Dn^^n1  (  ii,i6  ).  n»n>,  ni>  (los,  if.), 

v:  :  r  :  |-        •  : 

Mn,  \'in,  »nNn ;  mn  a.  nn,  mn,  mm,  >>n 

I-       Av         •  v:|T         -v:  -v:        yv:  :  |v        -: 

vn,  vm ;  Dn^n  n1^n,  nl\n3,  'nb,  'nn,  ^nvn, 

v:         :|-  v:  :  i        :  r        :  r  •.•: 

^nvn^i;  mm   vn;  mh,  nnm-mnj,  nmm,   '° 

:  r  T  V  T  T :  r  I- 

»m\n: ;  n^n^-2.  m,  n^ms*    ^v-nn^,  n^»n, 
om^i ;  n^m,  M^  ^n,  m>i,  ^n,  ^n ;  n^i, 

:  r  I'     '  :  -^  -  <^  :  IV 

*M,  vnvnvnS,  onvn;  mn,  vn.-»jmn,  omnn; 

-:        :r  r  -:         T  rs 

m^^  mnN,  irM\  fvnn ;  w,  in»M ;  ijnvnS; 
n^D.-n^n,  ^n^^n,  omnnt,  ijn^^n;  ^j^^n,    is 
vnn;  nvnnS. 

Note  the  following  table  of  1.  ^{"7  forrag 
of  n"S  verbs  and  2.  ^''S  forms  of  ^''^ 
verbs. 


LXX.     DENOMINATIVE  NOUNS.  131 

1.  2. 

1.  N-iti^"'  ^iiNvni;        1.   n^n,  ^n^h^y, 
KriN ;  Nin  (^«  sj>e//m^).  n^^^;  n^imi,  nnnn. 

T 

flectioii). 

3.   dikSji,     -Sn        3.   ^jnSs,      ^irj, 

VSQnn   {in  inflection  and    JlD^I  ;  "l£lT1 ;    ^n^VQri; 

^/^///«^o.).      Note    also  n*:njnn ,      n^iin  ; 
irrn  riKipS      (119,    nn£)-ij,  iji^Ssji,  isnn. 

-':•  AT  <•  T|" 

LXX.    DENOMINATIVE    NOUNS. 
IS  A.    WITH  THE  AFFORMATIVE   AN. 

(=|1+d^"1.    6[and  li]    dissimilated    to   1  before   a 

following  6),  D^::rN"i.  njt^'K"),  nj:rN"i:i.  niJ^^N"); 
pv^n  (=p+pn),    pD^n.  -  pnnn.    pn'^pr.- 


lO 


20 


[nt^n^ 


123  LXX.    DENOMINATIVE  NOUNS. 

B.  WITH  THE  AFFORM.  lYY. 

»S;n.  *nr)j,  n^r-  ^^^^i^'  ^^"^^^  ^i^H'  ''^'ht^f^  *nr;^ 
but  nin>  (nri^  a.  nmn^)j  nvo  (on^^D);  »d^j£3 

(D^JiD);  ^nin^ii  cnin^);];  n^  (hd);  'ii'^^t^  (hh^, 

n  inserted  /<?r  euphony). —  *JD1p-  —  D*  7^1»  DH^i^    5 

a.  u^^'yzv  (112, 18'),  on^rr  a.  D^N*n:in  (los, 
4 ),     nnvD,  n^^Nb;  mnn;^. 

T  •  -:  I 

C.  WITH  THE  AFFORM.  AY. 

Of.  »ntj^;  »nD,  nN*  m\  *3  (=*  ^3.  cf.  lu,  iso, *Sr- 

-T      -  T    --:      T        •  -  "  -: 

t:--:~  -ta  I  T 

(innn),  n'nnn,   irnnn,  DD^nnn,  on^nnn, 
in^inn-  nn?^  (opp.  '•jdS)  nnN*,  ^nnriN.  vnnK, 

I  -:  |-  -T :  <s  I 

nnnK,  i^nnK,  D::nnK,  Dnnnx,  rnnn^;  nni^ 

D^SI     {pack  formation  from    HIlK       etc.  ),     ^PlK 

nS'in.     HDi-     ^ncTK,  ^rr\pH,  intrN;  n.tj'K  15 
tr^Nn.  nnb'^  D'ri^r'. 

D.     WITH  THE  AFFORM.   (I)YAT,  It. 
T  •  I  •  :  -  ■   :-         t:-  •  : 

(99,  11),    :]n^ti^i<n,     nnnN*,   inn  n^^inn, 


LXXI.  NOUNS  WITH  MIXED  FORMS.  1^3 

E.     WITH  THE  AFFORM.   lYYAT. 

cf.  nnv--n-^S»S;;. 

T  • :  T  •    •  -: 

F.     WITH  THE  AFFORM.  tT, 

Cf.  nnip-  nnTj.  -  i:n"i:3;^_ ;  r\rh;j  hidSd, 
5  nS'^ht^  (122, 6i) ;  n'i^n5;"nn;^;nn53-niS^p3- 

Note  denominative    verbs:   7n{^  —    7(1{<    iltD^  ; 

-   T  V  TT 

n5p:i)  ")£)r5  "I't^^n  (cf.  "ito;^);  onn^riD  (cf. 

T  T|v        ••    •  •  :   •  T  T  -:r :    " 

lo  LXXI.     NOUNS  WITH  MIXED  FORMS. 

jr'^i<,  '»c^^N;  D^tr'^i<  (poet.),  d'ct'jn,  Dipon  ^l^'jn, 
vtr:N*,  rn^^jN-  nti^N*.  nan  n^K,  intr'N; 
n'm,  nn  ^^j,  ^t^'j,  uy^^- 

n':D,  npniD  nn^:n,  onrj;?  n^n,  "Tin;  o^na    (120, 

T    <••  •  IT 

15        r),  ^nap  ^^3,  rj^n:^,  uyt^2\ 

,  '  'IT         '        |T  IT 

yy,  r\y^-'  nni^^,  onSn  nr^,  r]n;^,  Di^n;^. 

LXXII.     ISOLATED  NOUNS. 

20  !JN,  S^Nt:^  ^:?^f.  ^n.N,  r|>nN,  rj^^K,  in^jK,  v:?k, 


134  LXXII.    ISOLATED  NOUXS. 

n»^K ;  ^j^nN.  Dy:i^,  p*:3Nv  Dn^::j<,  rn^j*. 

DninN- 
HN,  1/tDN  »^^^,  »nK,  D:D^niV ;  d^hj^,  on^riN  *nN, 

*^^^,  ^HK,  n^HN,  ri^HN,  vhk,  h^hn  ;  ^j^hn,    s 

<ST  V  I     V  -  I  '< T  V       T     V 

T  T         •  T  -:  T  -:|  :   - 

n!i,  »ri!i ;  niJ|,  pxn  m^iD,  *nijn,  D::^mj!}- 
n ;  D^ji,  D•^'^  ui-  nn,  dni  n:ii,  Dn:n. 

T  ■  T  :        T  T  -  : 

v<v  :  ~        •      T 

n-'-S^n  ninSn.  15 

T  •       -      •  T     I :  IT       V  :    •  •    T     I  ••  : 

T,  Dn;?r7 1\  n\  ^rns  onnv  on*,  "i^Dn  n\ 

T  -I         -        T      '  IT        V  :v       •    T      I  ••: 

'^  T  :  T  - 


LXXIII.    THE    NUMERALS.  125 

T  I:    I  •  T 

dSip  n)!2\  ijn^i;^  m^^. 
D^o,  nn»^n,  "inj  *n,  HTn  ^D^D,  ^q^d,  dh^/^^d- 

•<-  t:<--  ••    I  ..  ..        _    .. 

5  yy,  !r]vi;.;  D^yj;'  n^yr]  '>)s^^  ^^vj;- 
nb^,  D^r;^  nir,  Vi^,  in^  t:^. 

• •  •  •  <■ • ; 

nsir,  inn  niD jr,  insi^ ;  D^nssr,  npSn  ^mb^, 

lo  Dt;;',  "s^^ip  D^,  ):td^,  '>t2^'  r\r2ty  r\D'^,  DDo:r"; 
nw.  nn^n  niDtr,  nmn^"- 

vj::'.    i^^j&s'.  -iDDD  niJLT,  »ni:^,  ^ni:tr, 
Tj^niJtr.  rj^j:^,  vnij^r,  i:^iii^,  oni^c^- 

15  LXXIII.    THE  NUMERALS. 

A.    CARDINAL   NUMBERS. 

1.   inN  tr\\*,  onnn  nn^ ;  nnx  nts^"j<. 

TV  •  -  -  -  -  T     • 

(ST  V  '  ~  ~  •  T  -: 

20  "ir:i:r,  DiD^jjr,  nn^T^-  d^ltj  o^nij^';  D^ncr'Dn;^. 


136  LXXIII.     THE  NUMERALS. 

3-10.    onp    c^Str',    c/h^^   on;^,    trS^S 
D^Jt^n,  nii^-i^^hm-'  D'22  n^^,  nsrStr  oniDD. 

V         T  T       : 

:  T 

^T)^        est 


••T 


t^^nx 

T  T  :  - 

^'^Q 

T  •  -: 

^'^' 

T     • 

^?^' 

T  :  • 

T     : 

r^'n 

n^.OT 

"li:^!^ 

nnb'i; 

est.  r\:^T}^    5 

njbtr' 


11-12.   D^^DiD  nirr    -inN*,  nw  'my-' 

•T|  TT  TT  -:- 

(7,12)  n^''ii;^y^y,  d^j^n  h-ilt;^  dw- 
13-19.  D^jiiV  "i:ri?  nw'^,  on;;  ni^j^p  :i^S:r'.  ^s 

r^v^^  "     v"^^  2o 


LXXIII.  NUMERALS.  127 

20-99.  y);   an'^v;  ^^*    on^i^   nisNt, 

5  vnn ;  Dntr;^,  D*&j^7:r,  d^s^nv  D^trpn,  nw^ 
D'>^y^,  D^jbiT",  D^;?irn-  n:ti^'  u'^^di^)  v:i^, 

••T  •     •  ••  T 

D^Jn^^  riND-  tJ^^N  d^hk^,  onto  D^nND-  ti^'S^' 

lo  n:^  niN^,  lt^n  hind  i^niN,  ni:inN  m^n  tron, 

D^Sp^  mN^  trt^^',  mN*;2  i^:::!^  ir^:,  nwn  npQtJ^ 

SSn,  nji^mND  ^m,  tim  fj^K.  D^Dr5fl^^<= 

tr^^^  O.^s'^K'  D^DID  D^sSk-  cr^N  D^D^i^  n^rStT, 
tr^K  ^sSk  ntrSiTD  ;  D^£)Sn  np!l"lN  etc. 

IS        n:3!n,  Niisn,  i!n-  ni^n  ^nt^^',  Ki^in  ^nt^*, 

T  T  :  •  •  •       ••  :  .   •       ••    : 

Nl^JT  r^nN,i:n  m*Lrr   D^n:r;   nlN^in  w"- 

•         •• 

fj^N  riND,  fj^K  niND  :i^^- 

B.     ORDINAL  NUMBERS. 

I1:r'N"j.    ^J)^*.  *^'*^tf.    ^y*!!'^;    ♦t^^'^nn,     "'t£^:i'', 


128  LXXIV.  POLYLITERALS. 


nv 


^''2^,  'TW,  »;^^tr'n,  n;ti^:^;  Note-iti^;;-n;^n:ra 

C.     FRACTIONS. 

n^t^^^Str,  riT^n,  n^^r^n  a.  n^t^^^nn,  n^t^t?^, 
r\^^^:it^,  nn^cr;^  (nn^:i^p).  pn'i  or  pnn,  trm-    s 

•  -:         Tv:iv  •  -:r 

D.     DISTRIBUTIVE   NUMBERS. 

D^jjT  a^:p,  nx'2:y  r\^:i^- 

E.    MULTIPLICATIVE     NUMBERS. 

□^n;^:3nK,  wn^:!::^  D^nr:isr.  lo 

•AT  :      :  •  ~  T  :   •  is 

LXXIV.   POLYLITERALS. 

A.     NOUNS. 

1.   p^'  D^:ijr"i>  n:j;^-i-  m^j,  hin:-  -)n:iD, 

't-:|-  V    t       t    t  •  :- 

pyi^_  J,  n"11"ip:2^'  (the     //;/n/    radical     repeated).— 

m'^pSpr-  njip'ni?";-  Sh^n^-  nnmntr'-  nip-npij, 

flD£)DK  (tlie  second  and  //;z>^  radicals   repeated). — 

3.  Sp^r'n,  D\i  ;^p_ip;  nnpj;.  D^nip;^,  nspS], 


LXXV.    ISOLATED  PARTICLES.  129 

t^'^D'^n,  "i^v  :i^'oSn-  i^^m^  rh^i^n  (a  new  con- 

•  T  -  :  !••  — ':        v<v  — ' 

sonant  added  or  inserted). 

B.     VERBS, 

1.   mm.  nj:ir"i.  ^ly^^-^  SS^ns  SSdn. 

:  rt  -   :  -  :  at  :  -  t' 

n^fOD"!^^;   DSDHD    (all  intensive  formatiojis). 
T  V  :  :  ~  :        T  :   ;  : 

LXXY.     ISOLATED  PARTICLES. 

1.   ADVEKBs.  hnSh,  H/tDci^',  rIr^i^  dSh,  n^n, 

T      T     --:     T-     l.-T      I-    I    -      ••  V        :v 

T<T    ••  '    ••  ••  ■■  •—  T<v- 

i^N,  D\V-  PN?D,  ?N"11^   (ai  irregularly  contracted  to 

T-        '•<-  ••       't 

a),  ms*.  n^iS-i;^.  pn^-  iS,  ni  NrS^,  r3n* 

T<T  T<T  --_  ^  ^_^^ 


,5       2.  PREPOSITIONS,  mn*  ^t!-^.??^'  *"ir'^3':2V 

■'  3.      CONJUNCTIONS.        f]{^,  ^3  t]t<,   1N.  DK>  73N. 

DS^^<,  Hf^'  "^^'^^'  "'^^^^'  "^^^^ '  Oil'  D'^to,  *5.  ■  ♦D 

D5<,  lS,  nSiS.  (for  *nSiS,  dissimilation,Qt  121, Uf.), 

20  g,  n::^N  nni<,  nc^N  [;;^  etc. 


130  LXXVI.     NOUN  AND  VERB. 

4.      INTERJECTIONS.      tlHHi  PlN.  ^I^?^,  ^1^{>  ^iDKi 
T  -:        T         T  V  -: 

''K,  \n.  ^3-  ?n,  or (H.  mn,  ^j:n  ^JJin,   ^:i:in,  n^n 
riiint.ijin,  ijjni^jn,  i^^n.DDJin,  djih- 

It  :  •       rt  V  :  •        t • 

LXXVI.   NOUN  AND  VERB.  A  RECAPIT- 
ULATION. 5 

BAETH,    Die  Nominalbildung  in  den  semitischen 
Sprachen.  Leipzig.    1889—1891. 

1.  [qutulaj qatula  (36,  Y),  yaqutulu  (?)  (verbs  as- 
serting an    ////^<fr^«/ quality    [30,12  have  the  vowel 

u  as  their  characteristic    vowel  in   both    [?]   the     jq 
perfect  and  imperfect  tense-stems;  with  triliterals 
the  char,   vowel  is  found  in  the  second  syllable  of 
the  stem). 

2.  [qitila]  qatila(36,2),  yaqatalu  [yaqitalu]  (ib 
12.)     (the  char,  vowel    of  verbs  asserting    a  stmj>/e     j- 
quality    [30, IP]   is   i   in  the    perf.   and  A   in  the 
impf  tense-stem). 

3.  qatala  (31,9)  yaqitilu  (114,1:  I06,5f ;  93,6'; 
83,22%- t8,17f)  or  yaqutulu  (32,21)    (verbs  assert- 
ing a  /acf  [30, ir]    have  in  the   active  voice   as    ^o 
their  char,  vowel  a  in    the   perf,  i  in  some  cases, 
but  as  a  rule,  u  in  the  impf  tense-stem). 

4.  qattala,    yaqattilu    (37,17);    haqatala,  ya- 
haqatilu(39,20f );  hitqattala,  yahitqattilu  (41,17f).; 


LXXVI.  NOUN  AND  VERB.  131 

naqatala,  yahinqatilu  ( 43,2  f.)  (  the  intensive, 
causative  and  reflexive  stems  exhibit  in  the  perf. 
and  impf.  tense-stem  respectively  the  same  char, 
vowels  as  the  simple  stem  of  middle  a  verbs,  cf. 
5    130,18  ff.). 

5.  quttila,  yaquttalu  (39,4);  huqutila,  yahu- 
qutalu  (41,2);  cf.  also  30,  15ff.  (the  char,  vowels 
of  the  perf,  and  impf  tense-stems  respectively 
in  the  passive  are   the  same     as    those    of    verbs 

lo    middle  i,    cf  ib.  14ff.). 

6.  qatalu(n)   (32,15);  qattalu(n)    (38,3),  haqa- 

talu(n)    (Y6,15),     naqatalu(n)     (43,9.14^);      ^DpH 

••I :  T 

(41, T. 9')  (the     nominal    form    [32,15],     commonly 
called  the  infi?i.  absolute^   shows  char,  vowel  of  the 
15    perf.     tense-stem    in    lengthened  form;    hence   the 
name  given  ib.   14). 

7.  qutulu(n)  (35,12;  37.6^;38,11;  39,13^;  40,14^; 
41,11^;  42,10;  43, 19f.)  (the  nominal  form  [35,12  f.  ], 
commonly   called     the    infin.    construct^    constitutes 

20    the    bare  impf    tense-stem;   hence  the  name   given 
ib.    11.) 

8.  maqattilu(n)  (38,10),  maquttalu(n)  (39,14°), 
inahaqatilu(n)  (40,10),  mahuqutalu(n)  (41,10'),  ma 


133  LXXVI.    NOUN  AND  VERB. 

liitqattilu(n)  (  42,r  );  naqtalu(n)  (43,14')  (the 
participles  of  the  intensive  and  causative  stems 
show  the  char,  vowels  of  the  respective  impf. 
tense-stems,  while  that  of  the  N  reflexive  reproduc- 
es the  vowel  of  the  perf.  tense-stem). 

9.  qatilu(n)  (35,16),  qatlllu(n)  (ib.  11)  (the 
participles  of  the  simple  stem  show  equally  the  vowel 
of  the  impf.  tense-stem, cf.  yaqatilu  [yaqitilu,130,IT] 
and  yaqatulu  [yaqutulu,ib.l8);in  one  case  the  first 
vowel,  in  the  other  the  second  is  lengthened;  note  lo 
also  the  principle  of  differentiation). 

10.  Dp^(ioo,  io=):Dp^(ib.  5')^]pr^  ip}=\bp:^ 

'njbp  (note  in  these  nouns  [participles,  adjectives) 
•   :    It 

the  vowel  of  the  perf.  tense-stem,  and  the  cor- 
respondence in  meaning  of  the  nominal  and  verbal 
forms). 

11.  qa'talu(n)=qa'tal  (nom.  form.  4)  or  qa't(a)l 
(1),  qi'talu(n)  =  qi'tal  (51,  8')  [or  qi't(a)l  (nom. 
form.  2)],  qu'talu(n)  [=qu't(a)l  (3)]  ;  qata'lu(n)  or 
qita'lu(n)=:[qatal'  or]  qital'  (T). —  qa'tilu(n)=qa'til 
(5)  [or  qa't(i)l  (1)],  qi'tilu(n)=qi't(i)l  (2),  qu'tilu(n) 
[=qu't(i)l  (3)J;  qati'lu(n)  or  qiti'lu(n)=qatil'  or) 
qitil' (8).— qa'tulu(n)=qa'tul  (6)  [or  qa't(u)I    (1)], 


15 


LXXVL  NOUN  AND  VERB.         133 

qi'tulu(n)  [=qi't(u)l  (2)],  qu'tulu(n)=qu't(u)l  (3)  ; 
qatu'lu(n)  or  qitu'lu(ii)  or  qutu'lu(ii)  =  (qatul', 
qitul',  qntul'(9)  (the  nom.  forms.  1 — 9  all  go  back 
to  dissyllabic  forms,  with  the  char,  vowels  a,  i,  or 
5  u  ;  note  the  variations  effected  by  the  position  of  the 
accent ;  when  the  second  vowel  is  unaccented,  it 
may  or  may  not  be  retained  as  a  full  vowel;  when 
the  second  vowel  is  allowed  to  fade  away  into  a 
mere  remnant  of  a  vowel,  it  so  happens  that  inmost 
^°  cases  the  first  vowel  was  identical  with  the  second, 
and  consequently  the  monosyllabic  forms  1-3  have 
preserved  the  char,  vowels  of  the  original  forms, 
from  which  they  are  derived). 

12.  qatal(nom.  form.   10):  qatal  (4)=qatLl(ll): 
15     qatil  (5)  =  qatul  (12):  qatul  (6)=  13:  1  =  U:  8  =  15:  9 

{formative  lengthening  of  the  char,  vowel). — qattal 
(19):  4=qittil  (20):  5  (formative  sharpening  of  the 
middle  radical). —  2T-29  combine  both  these  elem- 
ents.— 21-26.  35-37.  40 — nouns  with  formative  pre- 
2c  fixes  (preformatives).  —  30-34.  38  f.  41 — the  same 
with  the  char,  vowel  lengthened.  —  42-45  —  nouns 
with  formative  suffixes  (afformatives). 

13.  qatal:  qatalat  (cf.  HplV)  =  qatil:  qatilat 


131  LXXVI.  NOUN  AND  VERB. 

(cf.  ft^DN  and  ,150^)=  qatHl  :  qatulat  (cf.  n^bD^ 
(formations  with  formative  lengthening  of  the  char, 
vowel  may  be  replaced  by  such  with  feminine  ending, 
the  characteristic  vowel  remaining  short;  compensa- 
tive forms.).  5 

14.  nS;  l'^S^  \pv\  iii^Drr,  ^-l^<  cf.nsnw*'aru- 

ka.  Note  HN^t}  II  N^D  (u  for  i  metaplastically).  TW'^^ 
D^j;j  n^::^)T  'th'sy^    (adjectives)  llp^p,  *na'ima 

TO^),  ^ri^^^-  :Dk  r\\:hVi  ^i3^'  n^rj^-  ?V.j;j 
(adj.).  )r:i» ■  :jid,  fiDJii'  D\3ipr  1  D^jt^pv  lab!"  r|jn  lo 

pt^^;,_'nb?^'\  i^jp;-  nintr'  mppj,  hdi^d!  bp;iti^'i;, 
DiS^'TOc^'l  ™j;^t)' ^'fe,  SDK^  D Will-  prnii 

p]nv  IpD,  "l^pN  (VdK).'  Si"i:i  ll*yapqidu,  *ya'slru, 

(adj.).  nS^bib,  SiSob,  HDijnD,  D^Jint^^'Q,  nionoii 

.,.     -:,-  :-        T-:-  •-:-  :- 

7^{<.  IpD"*!'    "n^'*^'  "^DnN  (ALL  HEBREW    NOUNS  PRE- 
T-       '  V  •  •         AT  :  V 

SENT  THE  CHARACTERISTIC  VOWELS  OF  EITHER  THE 
PERFECT  OR  IMPERFECT  TENSE-STEM.) 


PART  III. 

THE  PRINCIPLES  OF  THE  MODIFICATION 
OF  SOUNDS.     A  SUMMARY. 


A.     CONSONANTS. 

LXXVII.    THE    ASPIRATED  PRONUNCIATION  OF  nQ3-in. 

The  explosive  mutes  3,  J,  T,  3,  s,  T)  (i.  e.  all  except  the 
emphatic  sounds),  when  preceded  by  a  vowel,  are  aspirated,  i. 
e.  after  the  opening  of  the  organs,  the  glottis  remains  in  its  po- 
sition for  a  short  while  during  which  the  remaining  air  produces 
a  breathing.  In  course  of  time,  the  aspirated  mutes  pass  into 
fricative  sounds  (3,  18  ff.  ). 

LXXVIII.    THE  SIMPLE  AND  EXTENDED  PRONUN- 
CIATION OF  CONSONANTS. 

1,  Every  syllable  originally  ends  in  a  vowel  (5,  10),  i.  e. 
after  eac^h  vowel  a  stop  is  made  to  allow  the  organs  of  speech  to 
perform  those  operations  which  are  necessary  for  the  sounding 
of  the  following  consonant.  Occasionally  the  stop  is  made 
after  the  organs  have  assumed  their  new  position  (have  been 
closed  or  brought  near  one  another),  and  just  before  they  are 
opened.  The  time  spent  on  this  mode  of  consonantal  pronunciation 
may  be  twice  as  much  as  that  employed  in  the  simjile  sounding 
of  a  consonant.  The  impression  which  the  extended  (emphasis- 
ed, sharpened)  pronunciation  makes  upon  our  ear  is  that  of  repe- 
tition or  doubling  (6,  6  ff.). 

2.  The  extended  pronunciation  of  a  consonant  may  be  due 
a.  to  formative  reasons:  87,  12  f.;  133,  17f,;  b.  to  the  desire 
of  increasing  the  volume  of  a  word:  66,  14  flF.  19  ff.;  68,  15flf. ; 
c.  to  the  contraction  of  identical  consonants:  14,  4f.;  18,  8^.  19; 
32,  11;  d.  to  the  assimilation  of  consonants  (cf.  LXXIX);  e. 
to  the  suppression  of  a  following  (cf.  LXXX,  7)  or  preceding 
(ib..  5  note)  n;  f.  to  the  desire  of  preventing  the  absorption  of  a 
semivowel  or  its  passat^e  into  a  mere  breathing  (x):  K'8,  8ff.  (cf. 
LXXXI,  2);  g.  or  of  preserving  a  short  vowel  in  its  purity,  i.  e. 
preventing  its  production  (cf.  LXXXV,  4),    reduction   (ib.  5)  or 


138  LXXIX.     ASSIMILATION  OF  CONSONANTS. 

modification  (ib.  11  );  h.  or  of  making  the  Zoss  (cf.  LXXXVI) 
of  a  following  vowel  impossible:  49,  18  f.;  69,  3;  i.  to  euphony: 
13,  8;  58,  5  f.;33,  13;  34,  9. 

3.  Certain  consonants  are  not  capable  of  being  extended, 
viz.  the  lingual  i  and  the  gutturals  in  the  following  order:  X,  ]}, 
n,  n.  Cf.  11,  32;  61,  12  ff.  n  and  n  retained  their  capability  of 
extension  for  a  longer  time  than  the  rest;  wherever,  in  the  later 
stage  of  the  language,  we  find  them  pronounced  siviphj  (without 
effecting  a  change  in  the  preceding  vowel,  cf.  LXXXIV,  3),  we 
have  a  case  of  lost  doubling). 

4.  The  following  consonants,  if  followed  by  a  reduced  vow- 
el, equally  admit  of  no  doubling  (cf.  ib.);  a.  the  emphatic  sound 
p  (49,  13=);  b.  the  sibilants  (Q:  80,  5^;  K':  83,  13^  ^'':  73,  5^  V:  H, 
19');  c.  the  se?ni-vowels  ••  (11,  31;  cf .  19,  9)  and  1  (26,  3');  d.  the 
liquids  ^  (11,  19^),  o  (ib.,  20';  cf.  19,  9)  and  j  (73,  5>). 

Note  cases  like  59,  IG^  74,  19^    . 

5.  No  consonant  standing  at  the  end  of  a  word  (a  syllable), 
can  be  doubled:  66,  16  f. 

LXXIX.    ASSIMILATION  OF  CONSONANTS. 

1.  The  dental  nasal  3  and,  in  some  cases,  the  lingual  7  are 
not  sounded  in  certain  forms,  when  they  are  found  in  the  middle 
of  a  word  and,  in  consequence  of  the  loss  of  the  vowel  following 
upon  them  (cf.  LXXXVI),  come  to  stand  at  the  end  of  the  syl 
lable;  the  time  which  was  to  be  spent  on  their  pronunciation  is 
employed  in  placing  the  organs  in  the  position  required  by  the 
fo]lov,4ng  consonant  which  is  anticipated.  The  latter  is  sounded 
doubly  (cf,  LXXVIII,1);  hence  the  impression  that  the  liquid  has 
been  replaced  by  a  sound  similar  to  the  following  consonant,  or 
assimilated  to  it.  13,  7^  19';  43,  19^  48,  5';  76,  5flf.;  78,  7'.  IS'. 
3P.  —  11,9  f.;  79,  11";  80,  13'.  The  liquid  may  exceptionally 
remain unassimilated:  48,  4;  77,  3';  78,  20^  It  is,  as  a  rule,  not 
assimilated,  when  the  following  consonant  is  a  guttural:  76,  19 
ff.but  13,  9f.;  79,  15'. 

2.  Real  assimilation,  which  is  due  to  the  anticipation  of  the 
following  cognate  consonant  (T,  T,  t2,  tJ'.  J  U  takes  place  with  the 
dentals  1  and  ri  (the  latter  as  augment   of  the  T  reflexive);    the 


LXXX.     DISAPPEARANCE  OF  CONSONANTS.  139 

further  result  is  contraction  of  the  identical  consonants  (cf. 
LXXVIII,  2  c):  16,  11.  42  14;  62,  17' ;  73,  13^  79,18^  n  exception- 
ally assimilated  to  the  palatal  D  :  43,  21.  With  D  or  K'  as 
first  radical,  the  form  hiqtattala  is  preferred,  because  the  passage 
in  pronunciation  from  a  sibilant  to  a  dental  explosive  is  easier 
than  the  reverse:  12,  14  f.;  with  the  emphatic  :;,  n  in  addition  ia 
transformed  into  the  emphatic  ti  {partial  assimilation). 

LXXX.     DISAPPEARANCE  (ABSORPTION)  OF 
CONSONANTS. 

1.  N,  between  two  short  vowels,  is  often  absorbed  by  the 
vowel-complex  surrounding  it;  the  result  is  contraction  of  ident- 
ical vowels  (cf.  LXXXII,  1)  or  formation  of  diphthongs  in  the 
case  of  dissimilar  vowels    (cf.   ib.  2}.   12,   11;  81, 13;  4^  14.  22'. 

12,  12;  84,  12.  Cf.  LXXXI,  2. 

3.  K,  following  upon  an  unaccented  (reduced)  vowel,  is 
readily  (but  not  necessarily)  suppressed  together  with  the  latter: 

13,  15  f.  31';  83,  3^  7';  84,  14';  83,  U^  89,  4'.  The  suppressed 
sound  may  and  may  not  be  retained  in  spelling:  81,  14;  82,  17. 

3.  K,  at  the  end  of  a  word  or  syllable  (the  following  vowel 
namely  having  disappeared,  cf.  LXXXVI),  i^  unexceptionally 
lost  in  pronunciation:  the  closed  syllable  is  tlius  opened.  81,  16  f . 

4.  N,  at  the  beginning  of  a  syllable  [in  the  middle  of  a  word)? 
preserves  its  consonantal  [guttural]  character:  81,  18ff.  The  ex- 
ceptions are  few  in  number,  and,  in  each  case,  the  K  is  preceded 
by  a  closed  syllable:  82,  2  ff.;  83,  13=. 

5.  X,  at  the  beginning  of  a  word,  is  always  consonantal. 
Note  the  singular  case  83,  15  f. 

6.  n,  between  two  short  vowels,  or  preceded  by  a  reduced 
vowel,  is  suppressed  in  certain  prefixes  (preformatives,  augment) 
and  suffixes.  The  vowels,  or,  in  the  other  case,  the  reduced 
vowel,  undergo  the  changes  indicated  above  (^under  1  and  3).  12, 
15;  15,  15;  16,  2;  40,  IP;  41,  2';  43,  9^;  43,  18. 

Note  cases  like  16,  11;  46,  7. 

7.  n,  preceded  by  a  closed  syllable,emphasises,  if  suppressed, 


140  LXXXI.    SEMIVOWELS. 

tlie  consonant  upon  which  it  follows:  18,  9;  48,  5';  44,  14  f.  (n  ex- 
ceptionally not  suppressed;  66,  4';  96,  3.) 

8.  n  of  the  feminine  ending  (both  in  the  verb  and  noun)  is 
preserved  before  suffixes  and  (in  the  noun)  in  the  construct  state: 
15,  3;  16,  16  ff. ;  45,  8  ff .  In  the  absolute  state  and  in  the  verb  with- 
out suffixes,  the  n.  because  originally  unaccented,  as  a  rule  is 
dropped  and,  as  a  consequence,  the  closed  syllable  is  opened:  26, 
17  f.;  31,  10.  n  exceptionally  preserved:  84,11'';  110,  17.  Accent- 
ed n  (in  the  absolute  state)  is  retained:   27,  8. 

9.  3  (d  I  of  the  old  case-endings  (14,  12  S.),  the  old  plural  end- 
ing in  verbal  afformatives  (32,  3";  33,  14"),  the  2  person  singular 
feminine  of  the  personal  pronoun  (14,  P)  and  the  corresponding 
afforma.tive  in  the  imperfect  (33,  13^),  the  cohortative  (34,  7) 
and  the  emphatic  imperative  (35,  4)  is,  as  a  rule,  dropped. 
Exceptions:    51,  V;  96,  V;  37,  4^  63,  14=;  37,  4«. 

10.  Cf.  78,  7  ff.  10  ff. 

LXXXI.  SEMIVOWELS. 

1.  The  labial  1  is  rarely  preserved  at  the  beginning  of  a 
word  (cf.  12,  17)  or  syllable  (cf.  96,  4'');  as  a  rule,  the  palatal  ^ 
takes  its  place:  90,  4  ff.;  92,  16';  93,  19';  94,  20.  Double  1  is  pre- 
served (with  some  slight  exceptions)  in  the  impf.  tense-stem  of 
the  N  reflexive  of  verbs  first  1  (95,  5"),  while  elsewhere  (101,  11; 
108,  9)  it  is  replaced  by  \ 

2.  A  semivowel,  standing  between  two  full  vowels,  passes 
into  a  mere  breathing  (x).  The  latter  may  be  preserved  (108,  4^); 
but,  as  a  rule,  especially  when  standing  between  two  vowels  of 
the  stem,  it  is  subject  to  absorption  (cf.  LXXX,  1).  98,  7;  100, 
10';  101,  4f.;  114,  12.  93,  Iff.;  98,  13;  100,2  0.  98,15;  101,  2'. 
98,  18.  Sometimes  the  semivowel  (^)  is  preserved  by  being  doubl- 
ed (cf.  LXXVIII,  2  f):  108,  8  ff.;  Ill,  13=. 

3.  A  semivowel  which  closes  a  syllable  (the  following  vowel 
having  disappeared)  is  turned  into  its  corresponding  (cognate, 
homogeneous)  vowel,  1  into  u  and  ^  into  i  .  91,  3  ff.;  94,  16';  97,16. 
97,  5  f . ;  104,  23.  If  the  preceding  vowel  be  u  or  i,  1  is  absorbed 
by  the  former  and  ^  by  the  latter  (in  most  cases  the  lost  vowel  was 
the  same  as  that  which  precedes  the  semivowel,  so  that  we  act- 
vially  have  here  the  fact  indicated  above  under  2).  12,  13;  13,  3*; 
38,    15';  93,  9;  97,  8;  102,  5';   105,  11;  106,  5;   108,  2.  —  94,  16=;  98, 


LXXXII,     ORIGIN  OF  LONG  WOVELS.  141 

2;  100,  11";  107,  19.  In  some  of  these  cases,  the  vowel-complex 
decides  the  retention  of  1  respectively  its  passage  into  v  93,  6  ff. 
The  conjunction  w(a)  passes  into  u  before  labials,  or  any  other 
consonant  followed  by  a  I'educed  vowel:  13,  3. 

4.  ^  or  ^  which  close  a  syllable,  are  assimilated  to  the  fol- 
lowing V:  96,  16  f. 

5.  At  the  beginning  of  certain  forms,  "i(^)  as  first  radical  av.d 
the  unaccented  [reduced]  vowel  following  upon  it,  are  drop'ped: 
90,  14flf.;  93,  1\\  l2^ 

6.  1  assumes  its  full  consonantal  character  especially  in 
guUui-al  surroundings:  97,  27  f.;  99,  17  f.;  104,  8. 

B.     VOWELS. 

LXXXII.    ORIGIN  OF  LONG  VOWELS. 

1.  Long  vowels  owe  their  quantity  either  to  formative 
motives:  14,  13.  17;  72,  3;  133,  16,  or  to  the  contraction  of  two 
consecutive  identical  vowels  (cf.  LXXX,  1  ;  LXXXI,  2) 
respectively  to  the  absorption  of  a  semivowel  by  its  cognate 
vowel  (cf.  LXXXI,  3).  Thus  aa  =  a,  [ii,]  iy  =  i,  [uu,]=  H.  The 
vowel-complex  ii,  at  a  later  stage  when  it  is  sounded  ee  (cf. 
LXXXV,  6),  is  contracted  to  e:  13,  12 ;  84,  12;  85,  8^  Cases 
of  contraction  resulting  in  a  short  vowel  are  exceptional:  12.  lU; 
119,  10^     Iy  =  e  (respectively  e):  llO,  20^  114,  16^  (cf.  Ill,  1). 

2.  Diphthongs  are  two  dissimilar  vowels  spoken  without  an 
intervening  stop.  They  may  be  original  (formative:  17,  10;  18, 
13)  or  derived,  i.  e.  due  to  the  anticipation  (epenthesis)  of  a  vowel 
belonging  to  the  following  syllable  (aik=aki:  15,  14),  or  to  the 
fact  described  LXXXI,  3.  Diphthongs  are  contracted  in  Hebrew 
into  tTieir  intermediate  single  sounds  (monophthongs):  au  =  6, 
ai  =  e  (91,  5  ff.;  93,  4  ff.;  exceptionally  ai  =  a:  16,  11;  129,  12  f.). 
Less  frequently  diphthongs  are  resolved  into  their  constituent 
elements  (104,  22),  by  analogy,  it  seems,  also  in  cases  like  17,  10; 
18,  13  where  the  diphthong  is  original. 

LXXXIIL     MODIFICATION  OF    LONG  VOWELS 
AND  CHANGE   OF  QUANTITY. 
1.     t  and  A  are  always  preserved  in  their  purity,   while  A, 
wliich  requires  the  tongue  to  be  in  its   normal  or   indifferent  po- 


113        LXXXIII.    MODIFICATION  OF  LONG  VOWELS. 

sition,  as  a  rule,  shows  a  tendency  towards  a  pronunciation  with 
rounded  mouth  (narrowed  opening  of  the  lips).  Thus  a  in  most 
cases  is  rounded  too:  13, 19;  18,  1,  18;  25,  4.  IG;  71,  8.  20;  81,  13; 
83,  22-';  84,  17=;  101,  5;  103,  12».  Wherever  a  is  preserved  in  its 
purity  (of.  bl,  15),  it  may  sometimes  be  due  to  tlie  principle  of 
differentiation  (of.  100,  10' and  ");  where  no  such  principle  is 
discernible,  it  is  the  business  of  the  lexicographer  to  ascertain  in 
each  case,  whether  the  word  goes  back  to  the  period  of  the  pu>-e 
pronunciation  of  a,  or  it  is  one  of  those  which,  in  the  latest  form- 
ative stage  of  Hebrew,  were  introduced  from  Aramaic  wliere  tlie 
tendency  towards  a  rounded  pronunciation  of  a  is  unknown. 

2.  E  maybe  flattened  to  i  (114,  15")  or  widened  to  e  (109, 17; 
110,  20=;  112,  1';  114.  16^). 

3.  E  is  also  found  widened  to  e  before  the  guttural  n  (16,  13) 
and  the  palatal  2  (ib.  7) . 

4.  O  may  furthermore  be  rounded  to  Hi,  especially  if  the 
next  syllable  contain  the  former  {dissimilation  of  vowels,  of. 
LXXXV,  14):  91,  12;  93,  19;  99,  9^  103,  12^  For  the  same 
reason  6  and  ti  are  replaced  by  i  (if  the  laws  of  formation  permit 
that  vowel)  before  afollowing  6:  121,  17  f. 

5.  Long  vowels  are  not  tolerated  in  closed  syllable  at  the 
beginning  or  in  the  middle  of  a  word  (doubly  closed  syllable),  but 
must  change  their  quantity.  The  resultant  short  vowel  is 
subject  to  the  laws  governing  the  modification  of  short  vowels 
(cf.  LXXXV,  6.9).  40,  13;  98   9^  16;  100,  10';  101,  8. 

6.  Long  vowels  are  also  shortened,  if  unaccented:  45,  12.  19; 
114,  12. 

7.  Change  of  quantity  in  long  vowels  is  often  due  to  the 
principle  of  false  analogy  (the  long  vowel  being  falsely  taken  for 
a  produced  vowel  and  then  subjected  to  the  laws  of  vocalic  pro- 
duction, cf.  ib.,  passim):  L9,  16'^;  83,  5  f.;  105,  n^;  106,  1^;  113,  8. 

8.  Sometimes  the  quantity  changes  for  formative  reasons: 
134,  3f. 

LXXXIV.    COMPENSATIVE  PRODUCTION  OF  SHORT 
VOWELS. 

1.  In  the  case  of  a  consonant  not  being  sounded  (cf.  LXXIX, 
1),  especially  if  the  following  consonant  is  not  capable  of  being 
doubled  Ccf.  LXXVIII,  3),  or  simply  in  case  of  omitted  doubling 


LXXXIV.    COMPENSATIVE  PRODUCTION.  143 

(ib.)j  the  time  which  was  to  be  spent  on  the  lost  consonant,  is 
employed  in  extending  [drawing  out,  lengthening)  or  producing 
the  vowel  preceding  it.  Thus  a  =  a  (11,  22  f.;  12,  18;  19,  11  f.; 
55,  2*;  56,  IP;  61,  15;  62,  17=;  69,  6'),  i(e)  =  e  (13,  19=;  55,  4^  59, 
14.1;  61,  12'^  75,  2=),  u(o)  =  0  (5G,  5=:  62,   16  f.). 

2.  Wherever  the  omission  of  consonantal  doubling  does 
not  ojjen  the  preceding  syllable  (as  in  the  case  indicated 
LXXVIII,  5),  i  and  u  =  e  and  5  (67,  6\  9';  the  vowel  is  shortened 
again  in  ligature,  cf .  LXXXV,  10  ),  but  a,  as  a  rule,  remains 
unproduced  (66,  17;  a  exceptionally  produced  ib.  18^),  evidently 
because  in  closed  syllable. 

3.  In  cases  like  those  indicated  LXXIX,  4,  the  vowel  is 
never  produced  (42,  22— an  exceptional  case  J;  so  also  in  case  of 
lost  doubling  (LXXIX,  3). 

4.  Because  this  kind  of  vocalic  production  presupposes 
the  loss  of  a  consonant  respectively  the  omission  of  consonantal 
doublinfjf,  the  impression  is  gained  that  its  purpose  is  the  compen- 
sation of  the  loss  of  a  sound,  and  is  therefore  commonly  called 
compensative  production. 

LXXXV.    PRODUCTION,  REDUCTION  AND  MODIFICATION 
OF  SHORT  VOWELS. 

1.  The  changes  of  short  vowels  which  will  be  described 
in  the  following  pages,  are  due  partly  to  the  stress  of  the  accent 
respectively  its  absence,  partly  to  syllabic  conditions  and  conson- 
antal surroundings. 

2.  The  accent  of  which  we  speak  here,  may  be  either  the 
original  or  natural  accent  Cqa'tal[a],  qat'tal[a],  ya'subb[u], 
na'qam[a]  etc.),  or  the  modern  or  rhythmic  (qatal',  qattal', 
yasubb',  naqam'  etc.).  The  vocalic  changes  may  be  due  to  either 
(yas5B'  etc.),  while  those  coming  from  the  time  of  the  natural 
accent,  could  no  longer  be  affected  by  the  shifting  of  the  tone. 

8.      ACCENTED    SHORT     VOWELS      IN      OPEN    SYLLABLE      ARE 

PRODUCED  (cf.  LXXXIII,  1).  Thus  a'=a(12,  8;  33,  3f.  ;  56, 
7^33,  8),  i'(e')  =  e(49,  4';  68,  17^  14,  2f.;  23,  5^  36,  2;  116,  1»), 
u'(o  )=d  (53,  20.  23,  6;  34,  l''}.  E  exceptionally  \\ddened  to  e:  90, 
7'.  In  an  older  period,  sometimes  also  in  consequence  of  false 
analogy,  we  find  a'  =  a  =  6  (71,  8=),  i'=:i  (40,  7  f.;  102,  5  ff.),  u'  =  ii 


144  LXXXV.     PRODUCTION,  REDUCTION 

(74,  4').    Production  is  sometimes,  though  very  rarely,  neglected; 
44,  20  (with  a  under  the  stress  of  the  modern  accent). 

4.  In  the  absolute  (and  construct,  wherever  of  the  same 
form)  state  of  so-called  monosyllabic  nouns  (cf.  as  to  their  or 
igin  LXXVI,  11)  of  the  form  qatl  (nominal  formation  1)  and 
in  the  jussive  and  shortened  imperative  forms  of  verbs  third  l(^) 
in  the  causative  stem  (116,  4.  6),  a,  instead  of  being  produced  to 
a,  is  flattened  to  e  (23,  1;  note,  however,  a  before  1  :  97,  18; 
note  also  a  107,  19  as  over  against  unproduced  [perhaps  because 
preceding  an  originally  doubled  n,  cf.  below  under  5]  a  118, 
16^).  The  i  in  the  absol.  of  the  form  qitl  (nom.  form.  2)  is 
regularly  produced,  viz.  to  e  (23,  5);  while  the  corresponding 
verbal  forms  in  the  simple  stem  show  also  cases  of  neglected 
production  (115,  19  f.).  The  reason  for  such  neglect  of  produc- 
tion seems  to  be  the  feeling  that,  because  the  last  syllable 
contains  only  the  faint  (colorless)  remnant  of  a  vowel,  the  first  is 
not  an  open  syllable  of  the  kind  usually  to  be  met  with :  hence  also 
with  the  vowel  a,  the  tendency  towards  flattened  pronunciation. 

5.  Production  may  be  avoided  by  an  artificial  closing 
of  the  syllable  in  which  the  originally  accented  short  vow^el  is 
found  (cf.  as  to  the  principle  involved,  below  under  11),  viz. 
by  the  sharpening  of  the  following  consonant  (especially  if  the 
latter  be  a  liquid,  dental  or  one  of  the  stronger  gutturals).  12,  6; 
24,  9'.  11;  26,  6^  29,  18^  52,  2=;  54,  11';  55,  1^  74,  19'.  20^ 

6.    UNACCENTED  SHORT  VOWELS  IN  OPEN  SYLLABLE  AREEEDUO- 

ED,  i.  e.  half  the  time  of  what  is  spent  on  the  sounding  of  a  short 
vowel  is  employed  in  their  pronunciation.  Syllables  containing 
reduced  vowels  are  but  half -syllables  which  are  joined  in  speech 
to  the  one  following  them.  As  a  rule,the  reduced  vowel  is  so  in- 
distinctly spoken  that  it  resembles  most  the  vowel  e,  and  is  there- 
fore transcribed  e.  12,  14;  23,  3';  31,  20';  33,  13^  36,  3.  8;  49,  10'; 
79,  6';  85,  2^;  99,  13.  With  certain  consonants  (gutturals  [55, 
14*],  emphatic  sounds  [34,  8^])  or  between  two  identical  conson- 
ants [67,  17f.],  the  reduced  vowel  retains  more  of  its  original  (or 
assumed,  in  accordance  with  the  laws  of  vocalic  modification,  cf. 
below  under  12  j  coloring,  and  is  transcribed  respectively  a,  e 
and  o.  • 


AND  MODIFICATION  OF  SHORT  VOWELS.  145 

7.  ORiaiNAXLT  ACCENTED  SHORT  VOWELS  IN  (FIRMLY  OR 
LOOSELY}  CLOSED  SYLLABLE  REMAIN   SHORT:    23,  2^  A*.      With  the 

shifting  of  the  tone  in  the  later  period  of  the  language,  however, 
they  are  subjected  to  certain  modifications  which  are  largely 
due  to  the  nature  of  the  preceding  or  following  consonant.  If 
the  syllable  be  at  the  beginning  of  the  word,  a,  as  a  rule,  is  flat- 
tened to  i  (13,  13;  34,  1;  26,  4;  33,  11;  43,  14')  or  e  with  gutturals 
in  certain  cases,  especially  N  (58,  17';  59,  IP.  33,4;  43,  2P;  57, 
15),  sometimes  also  before  palatals  (76,  8';  95,  18^),  and  retained, 
as  a  rule,  with  gutturals  (12,  9';  50,  5«;  51,  A*;  53,  12ff.;  57,  13f.; 
60,  2;  89,  7^  117,  7^)  [cf.  58,  6^  7';  59,  2'];  iwith  gutts.  shortened 
to  e  (50,  12=;  52,  20>;  53,  9';  74,  17^  84,  7';  115,  IP);  u  shortened 
to  o  (23,  2';  24,  17')  and  retained  before  a  cognate  (labial)  con- 
sonant (23,  9;  58,  2';  82,  8").  In  the  middle  of  a  word,  a  remains 
unchanged  (note  an  exception  95,  10):  31,  16;  i,  as  a  rule,  it  re- 
placed by  a  (36,  5;  note  an  exception  93,  16^)  and  u  shortened  to 
o  (36,  10).  The  same  laws  hold  good  with  such  vowels  (in  the 
same  position)  as  never  were  accented,  except  that  i  then  very 
often  is  shortened  to  e  (25,  19^49,  10';  after  gutturals  e  and  a 
may  be  found  in  the  place  of  i  (63,  13ff.)  which  is  retained  regu- 
larly before  a  following  ^  (its  cognate  semivowel,  106,  3)  and  ex- 
ceptionally elsewhere  (especially  before  sibilants,  49,  13'),  while 
before  gutturals  (especially  k[  83,  2')  it  is  replaced  by  a  in  certain 
forms  (66,  3^),  and  in  others,  under  the  stress  of  the  original  ac- 
cent, produced  to  e  (ib.  3^). 

8.  Short  vowels  in  closed  syllable  at  the  end  of  a  word  reveal, 
under  the  stress  of  the  modern  accent,  the  workings  of  a  law  ob- 
served above  (L XXXIV,  2)  in  reference  to  compensative  produc- 
tion of  short  vowals  in  the  same  position.  Thus  a  remains  un- 
produced  (so  in  middle  a  verbs:  31,  19;  the  production  in  nomin- 
al formations  with  a  in  the  last  syllable  [e.  g.  23,  15]  is  duetotlie 
principle  of  differentiation;  note  exceptions:  53,  7';  56,  20),  i  is 
produced  to  e  (in  the  noun  regularly:  24.  5',  so  also  in  the  verb: 
36,  2,  where,  however,  very  often  e  is  replaced  bv  a:  37,  2';  38, 
12';  68,  1;  71,  IP;  74,  1';  84,  1';  73,  6'  [;  note  114,  H]  and  excep- 
tionally by  e:  38,  13')  and  u  to  6  (both  in  verb  and  noun:  24,  8'; 
3f>,  7;  note  the  singular  cases  14,  1*;  58,  2'  where,  as  it  seems, 
through  i  as  a  medium,  u  is  shortened  to  e). 


148  LXXXV.  PRODUCTION,  REDUCTION 

9.  Short  vowels  in  closed  syllable  in  the  middle  of  a  word 
(in  doubly  closed  syllable),  when  under  the  stress  of  the  modern 
accent,  on  the  whole  testify  to  the  truth  of  the  law  as  stated  un- 
der 8.  It  is  a  noteworthy  fact  that  the  final  syllable  of  nouns 
(with  an  originally  short  vowel  at  the  close)  in  the  construct 
state  is,  for  purposes  as  the  one  before  us,  regarded  as  doubly 
closed  (the  reason  evidently  being  this,  that  the  noun  in  the  con- 
struct state  [the  governing  noun]  and  the  one  in  the  genitive  case 
immediately  following  it  [the  noun  governed]  are  logically  one). 
Thus  a  remains  short  (31,  11;  23,  IG),  i  oftener  appears  as  a  than 
was  the  case  above  (3(),  4;  38,  2';  4-»,  7^  43,  19";  93,  10'),  though 
cases  are  not  wanting  where  the  regular  production  of  i  to  e  may 
be  witnessed  (24,  IV;  38,  2=;  74,  3';  75,  3';  92,  15),  and  finally  u  is 
regularly  produced  to  6  (36,  9;  24,  8').  With  the  shifting  of  the 
accent,  the  vowels  come  under  the  rule  given  above  under  7  (cf. 
63,  18*).  Observe  the  effect  on  open  syllables:  86,  3*. 

10.  In  the  present  system  of  Hebrew  accentuation  it  fre. 
quently  happens  that  for  certain  reasons  the  accent  recedes  to, 
or  rather  resumes,  its  natural  position.  Thus  it  is  against  the 
laws  of  Hebrew  euphony  to  allow  two  accented  syllables  (the 
final  syllable  of  the  first,  and  the  first  [penult]  of  the  second 
word)  to  follow  closely  upon  one  another.  Again  two  words  may 
be  joined  together  as  one,  with  one  common  accent  on  the 
second  which,  as  a  rule,  is  the  much  shorter  one,  and  a  secondary 
tone  on  the  first,  coinciding  with  its  original  accent.  The  final 
syllable  of  the  first  word,  if  closed,  comes,  by  the  very  nature  of 
the  case,  under  the  category  of  such  vowels  in  closed  syllable 
as  never  were  accented  (cf .  above  under  7  end)  where  there  is 
no  occasion  for  vocalic  production.  Thus  a  remains  unchanged 
(32,  12> ;  32,  12"),  i  appears  as  e  (44,  3'.  1^  78,  7';  24,  IP)  and  u  as 
o  (71,  17";  24,  17').  Note  i  exceptionally  retained  before  a  sib- 
ilant (73,  7")  and  u  before  a  labial  (71,  17=).  Note  also  74,  14" 
but  75,  9".     Observe  the  effect  on  open  syllables:  87,  3". 

11.  Sharpened  syllables  are,  for  matters  of  vocalic 
changes  of  the  nature  described  in  this  lesson,  regarded  as 
closed  (or  rather  doubly  closed,  for  they  are  only  possible  at 
the  beginning  or  middle  of  a  word,   cf .  LXXVIII,  5).    Hence,   if 


AND  MODIFICATION  OF  SHORT  VOWELS.  147 

coinciding  with  the  place  of  the  modern  accent,  the  vowel  a 
with  them  must  remain  unchanged  (70,  17'),  i  appears  as  a  (73, 
6')  and  e  (73,  14i)  and  u  always  as  5  (70,  7).  Originally  accented 
sharpened  syllables  do  not  allow  their  vowels,  with  the  shifting 
of  the  accent,  to  undergo  the  modifications  mentioned  above 
under  7;  with  slight  exceptions  (a  flattened  to  i  [67,  1";  71,  10] 
and  u  shortened  to  o  after  gutturals  [58,  12']  ),  they  retain  their 
pure  sounds  (cf.  69,  7'.  IP).  Hence  the  doubling  of  a  con- 
Bonant  in  such  conditions  the  best  means  for  shielding  short 
vowels,  whether  against  production  (cf.  above  under  5)^  reduc- 
tion (28,  17^)  or  modification  (51,  9'  compared  with  ib.  9^). 

13.  The  influence  of  gutturals  upon  surrounding  vowels 
has  been  touched  upon  in  the  preceding  paragraphs.  A  few 
eupplementary  words  will  suffice.  The  vowel  a  readily  associates 
itself  with  gutturals  as  their  cognate  vowel,  especially  in  the 
case  of  the  vowel  preceding  the  gutt. :  57,  13*.  Such  is  the  ease 
with  which  a  is  spoken  before  gutts.,  that  it  is  regularly  inserted 
before  a  guttural  (except  K  which  rather  repudiates  a,  showing 
often  a  marked  preference  for  e:  57,  15)  closing  a  word  and 
preceded  by  a  heterogeneous  vowel:  56,  1  f .  Thus  the  gutts. 
shield  an  original  a  against  modification.  I  is  replaced  in  the 
verb  by  a,  if  preceding  the  gutt.  (65,  9  ff.),  but  remains  unaf 
fected  by  the  latter  in  certain  nominal  forms  (65,  16'),  or  if 
following  the  gutt.  (60,  21^;  63,  9').  U  is  equally  replaced  by  a 
in  the  verb  (60,  16';  cf.  especially  u  as  first  vowel  of  the  stem 
to  a  with  first  gutts.:  57,  17.  19),  while  in  nominal  forms  it  re- 
mains unaffected  (65,  14';  cf.  63,  10  f.).  The  faint  vowel  in  the 
second  syllable  of  the  nominal  formations  1—3  in  the  absolute 
for  construct)  state,  appears  as  a  with  gutts.  in  the  second  or 
third  place  of  the  root  (57,  19';  note  e  with  «:  81,  18').  A  gut- 
tural preceding  an  unaccented  short  vowel  in  an  open  syllable, 
causes  the  reduced  vowel  to  retain  something  of  its  original 
coloring:  a  thus  appears  as  a  (50,  6  f.),  i  as  a  (ib.  13^)  or  e 
(especially  with  N  :  52,  3),  u,  as  a  rule,  as  o  (50,  17  f.),  but  also 
as  a  (57,  19')   respectively  as  e  with  x  (ib.'). 

13.     As  the  syllabic  accent  of  a  word,   so  does  the  accent 
which  a  word  receives  by  virtue  of  its  position  at  the  end  of  a 


148  LXXXVI.  DISAPrEARANCE  OF  VOWELS. 

smaller  or  larger  complex  of  sentences  (the  pausal  accent)  effect 
the  production  of  the  accented  short  vowel,  independently  of 
the  syllabic  conditions  in  which  it  is  found.  It  may  be  worthy 
of  notice  that  e  of  a  non-pausal  form  is  represented  by  a  in  the 
corresponding  pausal  form  (cf.  44,  1';  66,  10^),  which  fact  should 
help  to  understand  the  frequent  occurrence  of  a  in  cases  where  e 
is  expected  (cf.  above  under  8—9). 

14.  Examples  of  vocalic  modification  through  assimil- 
ation are  less  frequent  (a  to  i  :  38,  8;  40,  8  f .  and  e  respectively 
o  :  12,  9)  than  of  such  due  to  vocalic  dissimilation  (a  to  e  :  15, 
13';  45,  1^  15,  13';  19,  15  f.;  20,  7;  55,  1';  55,  14';  63,  18';  69,  4^ 
71,  9  f. ;  86,  1';  79,  18*;  note  that  the  intervening  consonant 
is,  as  a  rule,  a  guttural  or  the  palatal  3;  cf.  also  74,  8'; 
100,    11«3. 

LXXXVI.  DISAPPEARANCE  OF  (SHORT)  VOWELS. 
1.  Owing  to  the  stress  of  the  original  accent,  it  hap- 
pens that,  in  completely  developed  triliterals  (respectively 
polyliterals),  one  of  the  vowels  of  the  stem  disappears.  The 
loss  maybe  total,  and,  as  a  consequence,  the  preceding  consonant 
is  joined  to  the  antecedent  syllable  which  becomes  ^rmZi/ closed, 
or  partial,  when  some  faint  remnant  of  the  vowel  is  left  and  the 
antecedent  syllable  is  loosely  closed.  In  all  cases,  it  seems,  total 
disappearance  of  a  vowel  presupposes  a  period  when  the  vowel 
was  not  ivholly  lost. 

2.  At  the  end  of  a  word,  total  loss  is  the  only  thing  possible 
(31,  9;  32,  21).  To  this  category  belong  also  the  lost  case-endings 
in  the  noun  (14,  13ff.;cf.  17,  13  f.). 

3.  The  middle  vowel  of  the  stem  is  not  ivholly  lost  in  cert- 
ain forms  of  the  imperative  (34,  17;  48,  10)  and  in  the  inflection 
of  the  nominal  formations  7-9  (cf.  48,  19;  49,  7"),  also  in  those 
forms  of  the  plural  of  the  formations  1-5  which  had  the  original 
accent  on  the  first  vowel  of  the  stem  (cf.  23,  5*),  A  full  vowel 
or,  at  least,  the  remnant  of  such  may  be  seen  in  cases  where  the 
next  vowel  is  either  totally  lost  or  reduced  (23,  1;  53,  W).  Total 
loss  is  the  rule  in  the  singular  forms  of  formations  1-3  with 
suffixes  (23,  2';  cf.   also  23,  7^;  116,  l\  80,  21;  118,  9').    The  final 


LXXXVI.  DISAPPEARANCE  OF  VOWELS  149 

stem  vowel  is  also  f  of  aZZy  lost  before  consonantal  afformatives 
(32,  V),  but  retained,  in  reduced  form,  with  third  gutts.  (65,  2V). 
4.  The  first  vowel  of  the  stem  is  totally  lost  in  nominal  or 
verbal  forms  with  preformatives  or  augments  bearing  the  original 
accent  (26,  4;  33,  11;  36,  12;  40,  21;  41,  2);  it  may  be  retained  (in 
a  reduced  form,  and  as  a  full  vowel,  if  followed  by  a  reduced 
vowel)  with  first  gutts.  (52,  IS.;  57,  13'.  18;  58,  6'.  18';  59,  5. 
12^);  elsewhere  it  is  occasionally  retained  by  an  artificial 
sharpening  of  the  preceding  consonant  (49,  18  f.j. 


TABLE  OF  REFERENCES  TO  STANDARD 
GRAMMARS. 

G=Gesenius — Kautzsch,  K  =  K6nig,  S=Stade(cf.  Preface,  p.  viii). 
I.  1.  G  5;  K  6;  S  18-25.— 2.  G  5;  K7;  S  36.-3.  G6;  K  8;  S  58. 
61-69.— II.  1.  G  7,  1;  S  59  f.— 2.  G  7,  2;  K  9,  1-3;  S  37  31.— 3.  G  7, 
3f.  8;  K  9,  4-6;  S  33-37.— III.  a.  G  26.  10;  K  10,  1.  31;  9,  7;  S  70. 
— b.  G  39.  16,  3;  Kll,  7;  S  71.— IVa.  G.  13  ;  K  10,  3  ;  S  38.-  b.  G 
13;  K  10,  4;  S  38.— c.  G  10,  1,  2;  K  10,  5.— d.  G  10,  2;  K  10,  6.— 
V.  a.  G  15.  16,  1;  K  11,  1-4.  6;  S  43-49.— b.  G  31;  K  10,  4. 

VI.  G  35.  16,  2;  K  16.  11.  7;  S  172.  50-57.— VII.  G  103,  2;  S  374. 
—VIII.  G  104,  2i  S  379.— IX.  G  102,  1;  S  376. 

X.  G  32;  15  a  ;  S  177-179.  —XI.  G  90.  89.  87.  94;  S  341.  323— 
333.  308.  313  322.— XII.  G  33.  91;  S  345-360.— XIII.  a.  G  90;  S343. 
— b.  G  103;  K  15b;  S  374.— c.  G  103;  S  374.— XIV.  a.  G  103;  K  15b; 
S  377.— b.  G  103;  S  376.— c.  G  88;  S  339.  340.— XV.  G  34;  K  17;  S 
170.  171.— XVI.  G  36;  K  18;  S  176.— XVII.  a.  G  37;  K  19;  K  19;  S 
173.— b.  G  37;  K  19;  S  173.— b.  G  100,  4;  S  175. 

XVIII.  G  30.  31.  38.  39;  S  139-169.— XIX.  G^Sl;  S  180-183.— 
XX.  G93,  Parad.  I,  a-c;  S  191198.  —  XXI.  G  93.  P.  II,  a-d.  note 
4;  S  300-30rt.  199.  205.  206. -XXII.  G  93,  P.  IV  (and  notes);  S  207- 
213.— XXIII.  G93,  P.  Ill,  a.  b.(and  notes);  S  213  215.  317-333.  261- 
2G3.  269-373.— XXIV.  G  93,  4,  n.  3;  S  334-338.  264-266.  274.  275  — 
XXV.  G  94.  95.— XXVI.  S  255-259.— XXVII.  S  292  298.— XXVIII. 
S  366.— XXIX.  G  38-41;  S  381-383.  —XXX.  G  44;  45;  49,  1.  3;  K 
20,  1-6.— XXXI.  G  47;  K  20,  7.-XXXII.  G  48;  46;  49,  1.  2;  45;  50; 
K  20,  9-14.— XXXIII.  K  21.— XXXIV.  a.  S  224.  228.— b.  c.  G  53; 
K  23.  24.  -  XXXV.  G  53;  K  27.  28.  —  XXXVI.  G  54  ;  K  35.  — 
XXXVII.  G  51;  K  23.  —XXXVIII.  G  59,  3;  K  29,  1.— XXXIX.  G 
60;  K  39,  3.— XL.  G  61;  K  29,  3.  4.— XLI.  K  29,  6-13.— XLV.  G63; 
K30,  -XLVI.  G  64;  K  31.— XLVII.  G  65;  K  32.— XLIX.  G  67;  K 
34,  1-6.— L.  K34,  7.— L.  K  34,  7,— LII.  LIII.  G  66;  K33.— LV.  G 
68; K  35.— LVI.  LVII.  G  74;  K  42.— LIX.  LX.  G  69  ;  K  36,  1-7.— 
LXI.  G  71;  K  36,  8.-LXII.  G  70;  K  37.  —  LXIV.  LXV.  G  75;  K 
41.— LXX.  G86;  S  292-304. —LXX I.  LXXII.  G  96.— LXXIII.  G 
97.  98;  S  381-365.     LXXIV.  S  230-241.— LXXB.  S  366-380. 

LXXVII.— LXXXVI.  G  18-29;  S  73-138. 


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